1 00:00:06,501 --> 00:00:10,233 One second okay, Yeah. Yeah. 2 00:00:42,966 --> 00:00:48,000 Plus Portuguese and plus Hindi 3 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:49,433 Plus Portuguese and plus Hindi Sosa online, I should just go 4 00:00:49,433 --> 00:00:53,334 Sosa online, I should just go to settings and select the 5 00:00:53,334 --> 00:00:55,967 to settings and select the language and feel welcome to 6 00:00:55,967 --> 00:00:59,901 language and feel welcome to ask a question in their 7 00:00:59,901 --> 00:01:02,301 ask a question in their language. today we had 8 00:01:02,301 --> 00:01:03,800 language. today we had announced that we will have a 9 00:01:03,800 --> 00:01:08,533 announced that we will have a number of guests 10 00:01:08,967 --> 00:01:12,467 on the anniversary of Smalley. 11 00:01:12,467 --> 00:01:16,434 on the anniversary of Smalley. We had to change this for for 12 00:01:16,434 --> 00:01:19,934 We had to change this for for different reasons and I’m sure 13 00:01:19,934 --> 00:01:22,534 different reasons and I’m sure Doctor Tess will mention this 14 00:01:22,534 --> 00:01:24,301 Doctor Tess will mention this event and this anniversary in 15 00:01:24,301 --> 00:01:27,034 event and this anniversary in his opening remarks, so I will 16 00:01:27,034 --> 00:01:30,634 his opening remarks, so I will give the floor to Doctor Tess. 17 00:01:31,267 --> 00:01:35,334 Thank you. Thank you Good 18 00:01:35,334 --> 00:01:36,167 Thank you. Thank you Good morning, Good afternoon and 19 00:01:36,167 --> 00:01:40,101 morning, Good afternoon and good evening exactly 40 years 20 00:01:40,101 --> 00:01:43,901 good evening exactly 40 years ago today on the eighth of May 21 00:01:43,901 --> 00:01:46,634 ago today on the eighth of May 1980, the World Health Assembly 22 00:01:46,634 --> 00:01:49,000 1980, the World Health Assembly officially declared that the 23 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:51,934 officially declared that the world and all its people’s have 24 00:01:51,934 --> 00:01:55,267 world and all its people’s have won freedom from small parts 25 00:01:55,267 --> 00:01:58,334 won freedom from small parts small parts is the first and to 26 00:01:58,334 --> 00:01:59,966 small parts is the first and to date the only human this is to 27 00:01:59,966 --> 00:02:04,433 date the only human this is to be eradicated globally. 28 00:05:13,533 --> 00:05:14,833 Yesterday, I announced the 29 00:05:14,833 --> 00:05:16,900 Yesterday, I announced the resources that your estimates 30 00:05:16,900 --> 00:05:19,067 resources that your estimates it needs to deliver our update 31 00:05:19,067 --> 00:05:20,600 it needs to deliver our update to the strategic preparedness 32 00:05:20,600 --> 00:05:24,533 to the strategic preparedness and response plan for Covid- 33 00:05:24,533 --> 00:05:26,467 and response plan for Covid- 19. The updated plan estimates 34 00:05:26,467 --> 00:05:28,600 19. The updated plan estimates that WHO requires one point 35 00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:29,933 that WHO requires one point seven billion dollars to 36 00:05:29,933 --> 00:05:32,734 seven billion dollars to respond to Covid- 19 across the 37 00:05:32,734 --> 00:05:35,133 respond to Covid- 19 across the three levels of the 38 00:05:35,133 --> 00:05:35,800 three levels of the Organization between now and 39 00:05:35,800 --> 00:05:40,099 Organization between now and the end of 2020. This estimate 40 00:05:40,099 --> 00:05:41,600 the end of 2020. This estimate includes the funds stat that 41 00:05:41,600 --> 00:05:42,733 includes the funds stat that has already received to 42 00:05:42,733 --> 00:05:45,967 has already received to date living wage. 43 00:10:23,299 --> 00:10:24,899 Today’s helping that 44 00:10:24,899 --> 00:10:26,533 Today’s helping that journalists can ask questions 45 00:10:26,533 --> 00:10:30,567 journalists can ask questions in their language so we will 46 00:10:30,567 --> 00:10:32,833 in their language so we will start with questions now, 47 00:10:32,833 --> 00:10:34,834 start with questions now, please be sure to concise one 48 00:10:34,834 --> 00:10:38,000 please be sure to concise one question per person and we will 49 00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:40,733 question per person and we will start with the Joyce Bella and 50 00:10:40,733 --> 00:10:45,967 start with the Joyce Bella and we have George George. can you 51 00:10:45,967 --> 00:10:48,533 we have George George. can you hear us? Yes? sir. I can hear 52 00:10:48,533 --> 00:10:49,333 hear us? Yes? sir. I can hear you. Yes. I mean I ask you a 53 00:10:49,333 --> 00:10:52,767 you. Yes. I mean I ask you a French is a foul. That 54 00:10:52,767 --> 00:10:54,733 French is a foul. That cigarette smokers are less 55 00:10:54,733 --> 00:10:56,899 cigarette smokers are less likely to be hospitalized 56 00:10:56,899 --> 00:10:59,299 likely to be hospitalized discovered 19. what do you make 57 00:10:59,299 --> 00:11:02,200 discovered 19. what do you make of these findings? Thank you 58 00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:02,800 of these findings? Thank you very much George for this 59 00:11:02,800 --> 00:11:05,933 very much George for this question. 60 00:11:06,801 --> 00:11:08,899 You very much for the question, 61 00:11:08,899 --> 00:11:12,833 You very much for the question, so we know the harms of tobacco 62 00:11:12,833 --> 00:11:14,600 so we know the harms of tobacco are well known and we know that 63 00:11:14,600 --> 00:11:15,867 are well known and we know that millions of people die every 64 00:11:15,867 --> 00:11:19,000 millions of people die every year from the use of tobacco 65 00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:21,533 year from the use of tobacco Covid- 19 is a respiratory 66 00:11:21,533 --> 00:11:23,000 Covid- 19 is a respiratory illness and smoking causes 67 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:25,200 illness and smoking causes damage to the lungs, and there 68 00:11:25,200 --> 00:11:26,733 damage to the lungs, and there are a number of studies out 69 00:11:26,733 --> 00:11:28,899 are a number of studies out there that have been published 70 00:11:28,899 --> 00:11:30,600 there that have been published that have found that smoking 71 00:11:30,600 --> 00:11:32,333 that have found that smoking leads to more severe disease 72 00:11:32,333 --> 00:11:33,466 leads to more severe disease the development of severe 73 00:11:33,466 --> 00:11:34,133 the development of severe disease and puts people at 74 00:11:34,133 --> 00:11:35,133 disease and puts people at higher risk for being put on 75 00:11:35,133 --> 00:11:38,600 higher risk for being put on a ventilator. Being an ICU and 76 00:11:38,600 --> 00:11:40,933 a ventilator. Being an ICU and for dying, there are some 77 00:11:40,933 --> 00:11:42,466 for dying, there are some studies are some media reports 78 00:11:42,466 --> 00:11:44,899 studies are some media reports of some studies two studies in 79 00:11:44,899 --> 00:11:46,466 of some studies two studies in particular, they have not been 80 00:11:46,466 --> 00:11:48,033 particular, they have not been peer reviewed that have looked 81 00:11:48,033 --> 00:11:49,800 peer reviewed that have looked at the prevalence of smoking 82 00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:50,733 at the prevalence of smoking and people who’ve been 83 00:11:50,733 --> 00:11:53,133 and people who’ve been hospitalized and not these 84 00:11:53,133 --> 00:11:54,499 hospitalized and not these studies did not evaluate they 85 00:11:54,499 --> 00:11:56,200 studies did not evaluate they were not designed to evaluate 86 00:11:56,200 --> 00:11:57,400 were not designed to evaluate whether smoking was protective 87 00:11:57,400 --> 00:11:59,967 whether smoking was protective or not or in any shape or form 88 00:11:59,967 --> 00:12:02,467 or not or in any shape or form and they do not say that 89 00:12:02,467 --> 00:12:04,200 and they do not say that smoking is protective. we do 90 00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:05,000 smoking is protective. we do know we have the we well. I 91 00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:07,967 know we have the we well. I will repeat that we know. The 92 00:12:07,967 --> 00:12:10,099 will repeat that we know. The harms of smoking and we know 93 00:12:10,099 --> 00:12:10,933 harms of smoking and we know that smokers if they do get 94 00:12:10,933 --> 00:12:13,866 that smokers if they do get infected with Coen, 19, have a 95 00:12:13,866 --> 00:12:14,700 infected with Coen, 19, have a higher risk of severe disease 96 00:12:14,700 --> 00:12:17,967 higher risk of severe disease and death. 97 00:12:20,567 --> 00:12:21,967 Thank you very much Devan for 98 00:12:21,967 --> 00:12:25,000 Thank you very much Devan for the next question comes from 99 00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:26,499 the next question comes from Guatemala, Guatemala Gao Dala 100 00:12:26,499 --> 00:12:31,833 Guatemala, Guatemala Gao Dala laga and we have Greer on phone 101 00:12:31,833 --> 00:12:32,733 laga and we have Greer on phone if you could just unmute 102 00:12:32,733 --> 00:12:35,800 if you could just unmute yourself. 103 00:12:38,833 --> 00:12:42,099 Buenos Dias Hello good 104 00:12:42,099 --> 00:12:44,933 Buenos Dias Hello good afternoon. My question is what 105 00:12:44,933 --> 00:12:47,433 afternoon. My question is what has been seen regarding the 106 00:12:47,433 --> 00:12:49,533 has been seen regarding the consequences of a regenerating 107 00:12:49,533 --> 00:12:52,966 consequences of a regenerating economies and the contagion in 108 00:12:52,966 --> 00:12:54,700 economies and the contagion in the countries who have opened 109 00:12:54,700 --> 00:12:55,333 the countries who have opened up their economies again. Thank 110 00:12:55,333 --> 00:12:58,333 up their economies again. Thank you. 111 00:13:01,466 --> 00:13:05,200 Do you wanna repeat? 112 00:13:06,299 --> 00:13:07,733 Grisha Can you just please 113 00:13:07,733 --> 00:13:09,500 Grisha Can you just please repeat the question because we 114 00:13:09,500 --> 00:13:10,467 repeat the question because we have we’re not sure we 115 00:13:10,467 --> 00:13:14,199 have we’re not sure we understood it. 116 00:13:17,833 --> 00:13:19,899 Yes, of course, Thank you my 117 00:13:19,899 --> 00:13:22,500 Yes, of course, Thank you my question was about what has 118 00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:26,233 question was about what has been seen in countries that 119 00:13:26,233 --> 00:13:30,467 been seen in countries that have reopened their economies 120 00:13:30,467 --> 00:13:31,733 have reopened their economies and how has the epidemic 121 00:13:31,733 --> 00:13:33,566 and how has the epidemic responded to that? Thank you 122 00:13:33,566 --> 00:13:34,000 responded to that? Thank you very much. I think we 123 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:37,267 very much. I think we understood it now. 124 00:13:42,533 --> 00:13:43,933 I can start and perhaps I would 125 00:13:43,933 --> 00:13:45,166 I can start and perhaps I would like to supplement so we’re 126 00:13:45,166 --> 00:13:46,233 like to supplement so we’re just beginning to see now a 127 00:13:46,233 --> 00:13:47,500 just beginning to see now a number of countries that are 128 00:13:47,500 --> 00:13:49,867 number of countries that are opening up their economies 129 00:13:49,867 --> 00:13:50,700 opening up their economies after having shown that they’re 130 00:13:50,700 --> 00:13:53,933 after having shown that they’re able to suppress transmission 131 00:13:53,933 --> 00:13:54,600 able to suppress transmission the countries that are further 132 00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:56,567 the countries that are further along in this our countries 133 00:13:56,567 --> 00:13:58,400 along in this our countries across Asia and we do see that 134 00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:01,867 across Asia and we do see that countries like China and Japan 135 00:14:01,867 --> 00:14:05,967 countries like China and Japan Korea Singapore have lifted 136 00:14:05,967 --> 00:14:07,700 Korea Singapore have lifted some of these public health and 137 00:14:07,700 --> 00:14:08,700 some of these public health and social measures in a slow and 138 00:14:08,700 --> 00:14:11,767 social measures in a slow and controlled way in some kind. 139 00:14:11,767 --> 00:14:14,367 controlled way in some kind. They have seen a resurgence in 140 00:14:14,367 --> 00:14:16,333 They have seen a resurgence in cases meaning that they’ve seen 141 00:14:16,333 --> 00:14:19,833 cases meaning that they’ve seen some outbreaks in Japan and in 142 00:14:19,833 --> 00:14:21,166 some outbreaks in Japan and in Singapore, For example, they’ve 143 00:14:21,166 --> 00:14:22,500 Singapore, For example, they’ve seen outbreaks that are taking 144 00:14:22,500 --> 00:14:25,100 seen outbreaks that are taking place in certain situations. 145 00:14:25,100 --> 00:14:26,066 place in certain situations. Singapore right now is dealing 146 00:14:26,066 --> 00:14:28,167 Singapore right now is dealing with outbreaks in expat 147 00:14:28,167 --> 00:14:28,933 with outbreaks in expat dormitories and dormitories 148 00:14:28,933 --> 00:14:30,333 dormitories and dormitories where people live in close 149 00:14:30,333 --> 00:14:32,000 where people live in close proximity to one another and 150 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:34,567 proximity to one another and they just shared the a 151 00:14:34,567 --> 00:14:36,733 they just shared the a presentation with us earlier 152 00:14:36,733 --> 00:14:37,667 presentation with us earlier today, demonstrating how they 153 00:14:37,667 --> 00:14:39,267 today, demonstrating how they are going into exquisite 154 00:14:39,267 --> 00:14:42,467 are going into exquisite detail. In terms of trying to 155 00:14:42,467 --> 00:14:43,633 detail. In terms of trying to find all of those cases and 156 00:14:43,633 --> 00:14:45,366 find all of those cases and some suppressed transmission 157 00:14:45,366 --> 00:14:48,366 some suppressed transmission even in these settings what we 158 00:14:48,366 --> 00:14:49,566 even in these settings what we are learning from those 159 00:14:49,566 --> 00:14:51,500 are learning from those countries who are slowly 160 00:14:51,500 --> 00:14:52,867 countries who are slowly opening up their economies 161 00:14:52,867 --> 00:14:53,500 opening up their economies again, and we’ve talked about 162 00:14:53,500 --> 00:14:56,033 again, and we’ve talked about this before once these measures 163 00:14:56,033 --> 00:14:57,367 this before once these measures are lifted, they need to be 164 00:14:57,367 --> 00:14:58,766 are lifted, they need to be lifted in a very slow and 165 00:14:58,766 --> 00:15:00,800 lifted in a very slow and controlled way because it’s 166 00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:01,500 controlled way because it’s possible for the virus to take 167 00:15:01,500 --> 00:15:05,233 possible for the virus to take off again countries are 168 00:15:05,233 --> 00:15:07,867 off again countries are improving their systems to 169 00:15:07,867 --> 00:15:09,700 improving their systems to identify the virus identify 170 00:15:09,700 --> 00:15:10,900 identify the virus identify people who are infected with 171 00:15:10,900 --> 00:15:11,933 people who are infected with the virus through increasing 172 00:15:11,933 --> 00:15:15,299 the virus through increasing their testing. 173 00:15:15,299 --> 00:15:15,333 their testing. To 174 00:15:15,333 --> 00:15:16,867 To increasing their ability to 175 00:15:16,867 --> 00:15:18,500 To increasing their ability to do contact tracing where 176 00:15:18,500 --> 00:15:20,534 do contact tracing where they’re making sure that the 177 00:15:20,534 --> 00:15:21,933 they’re making sure that the beds in the hospitals are free 178 00:15:21,933 --> 00:15:24,367 beds in the hospitals are free so that they can care for 179 00:15:24,367 --> 00:15:24,933 so that they can care for patients depending on the 180 00:15:24,933 --> 00:15:26,400 patients depending on the severity of their systems. So 181 00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:27,700 severity of their systems. So what we’re seeing is even 182 00:15:27,700 --> 00:15:29,034 what we’re seeing is even though they are lifting some of 183 00:15:29,034 --> 00:15:31,434 though they are lifting some of these measures they are quickly 184 00:15:31,434 --> 00:15:34,400 these measures they are quickly working to find cases if those 185 00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:36,500 working to find cases if those cases do research so that they 186 00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:38,066 cases do research so that they can try to suppress 187 00:15:38,066 --> 00:15:39,367 can try to suppress transmission again. I think 188 00:15:39,367 --> 00:15:40,567 transmission again. I think we’re going to be in a 189 00:15:40,567 --> 00:15:41,300 we’re going to be in a situation where we may need to 190 00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:43,967 situation where we may need to lift some of these measures. Be 191 00:15:43,967 --> 00:15:46,000 lift some of these measures. Be ready to quickly identify those 192 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:47,967 ready to quickly identify those cases there may be sort of a a 193 00:15:47,967 --> 00:15:51,467 cases there may be sort of a a push and pull for some time as 194 00:15:51,467 --> 00:15:53,766 push and pull for some time as we try to really work and 195 00:15:53,766 --> 00:15:54,333 we try to really work and suppress this virus across the 196 00:15:54,333 --> 00:15:57,333 suppress this virus across the globe. 197 00:15:57,333 --> 00:15:57,399 globe. Thank 198 00:15:57,399 --> 00:15:59,933 Thank you very much next 199 00:15:59,933 --> 00:16:01,700 Thank you very much next question is for our friend. 200 00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:04,233 question is for our friend. Geneva Bayes journalist Peter 201 00:16:04,233 --> 00:16:07,333 Geneva Bayes journalist Peter Kenny representing South Africa 202 00:16:07,333 --> 00:16:11,166 Kenny representing South Africa media Pta. Can you hear us? 203 00:16:11,967 --> 00:16:15,967 Peter Un-mute yourself please. 204 00:16:18,299 --> 00:16:21,567 Do we have a Peter Kenny If you 205 00:16:21,567 --> 00:16:24,533 Do we have a Peter Kenny If you you really need to admit 206 00:16:24,533 --> 00:16:25,567 you really need to admit yourself? otherwise we don’t 207 00:16:25,567 --> 00:16:27,967 yourself? otherwise we don’t go. We will try to come back to 208 00:16:27,967 --> 00:16:30,700 go. We will try to come back to Peter Maybe later it’ll start 209 00:16:30,700 --> 00:16:32,833 Peter Maybe later it’ll start with the Bianca Gart from 210 00:16:32,833 --> 00:16:38,099 with the Bianca Gart from global Brazilian media Bianca 211 00:16:38,099 --> 00:16:40,467 global Brazilian media Bianca Hi Derek. Can you hear me? Yes? 212 00:16:40,467 --> 00:16:43,267 Hi Derek. Can you hear me? Yes? please go ahead. Thanks a lot. 213 00:16:43,267 --> 00:16:45,067 please go ahead. Thanks a lot. So my question about Brazil. 214 00:16:45,067 --> 00:16:49,067 So my question about Brazil. I’ll make it important. It is. 215 00:16:49,067 --> 00:16:52,300 I’ll make it important. It is. Brazilian government has said 216 00:16:52,300 --> 00:16:56,299 Brazilian government has said that the I don’t have enough 217 00:16:56,299 --> 00:17:00,300 that the I don’t have enough respiratory devices and the WHO 218 00:17:00,300 --> 00:17:01,800 respiratory devices and the WHO has talked about the need for 219 00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:04,867 has talked about the need for this protective equipment and 220 00:17:04,867 --> 00:17:08,501 this protective equipment and they they also help Brazil with 221 00:17:08,501 --> 00:17:10,166 they they also help Brazil with ventilators and what are the 222 00:17:10,166 --> 00:17:15,466 ventilators and what are the guidelines of WHO on this 223 00:17:15,466 --> 00:17:19,067 guidelines of WHO on this issue? President busted his 224 00:17:19,067 --> 00:17:20,166 issue? President busted his organizing an event for over 30 225 00:17:20,166 --> 00:17:24,333 organizing an event for over 30 people. What is WHO guidelines? 226 00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:26,733 That and what is the virtual I 227 00:17:26,733 --> 00:17:28,566 That and what is the virtual I think about the situation in 228 00:17:28,566 --> 00:17:32,334 think about the situation in Brazil lands it is he a warning 229 00:17:32,334 --> 00:17:34,933 Brazil lands it is he a warning about the possibility of 230 00:17:34,933 --> 00:17:37,333 about the possibility of doubling the number of deaths 231 00:17:37,333 --> 00:17:38,767 doubling the number of deaths in just five days in the 232 00:17:38,767 --> 00:17:42,199 in just five days in the country. Thank you. 233 00:17:44,900 --> 00:17:46,867 And that’s about five questions 234 00:17:46,867 --> 00:17:48,867 And that’s about five questions one so I think it’s gonna be 235 00:17:48,867 --> 00:17:54,133 one so I think it’s gonna be difficult to address WHO always 236 00:17:54,133 --> 00:17:55,500 difficult to address WHO always respond to requests for 237 00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:56,566 respond to requests for assistance for our member 238 00:17:56,566 --> 00:17:57,800 assistance for our member States. I don’t think it’s 239 00:17:57,800 --> 00:17:59,566 States. I don’t think it’s important to clarify here that 240 00:17:59,566 --> 00:18:02,867 important to clarify here that the WHO is an agency made up of 241 00:18:02,867 --> 00:18:04,467 the WHO is an agency made up of its member States and we 242 00:18:04,467 --> 00:18:06,099 its member States and we respond to any request for 243 00:18:06,099 --> 00:18:07,900 respond to any request for assistance from those member 244 00:18:07,900 --> 00:18:08,966 assistance from those member States. We’re not entitled to 245 00:18:08,966 --> 00:18:11,334 States. We’re not entitled to empowered to come in to any 246 00:18:11,334 --> 00:18:13,867 empowered to come in to any country and provide any 247 00:18:13,867 --> 00:18:15,133 country and provide any specific standards or guidance 248 00:18:15,133 --> 00:18:16,933 specific standards or guidance or to deliver any particular 249 00:18:16,933 --> 00:18:17,700 or to deliver any particular material unless we’re invited 250 00:18:17,700 --> 00:18:21,766 material unless we’re invited to do so by the government of. 251 00:18:23,034 --> 00:18:24,933 Country and I’m sure that the 252 00:18:24,933 --> 00:18:27,300 Country and I’m sure that the the government in Brazil is 253 00:18:27,300 --> 00:18:28,634 the government in Brazil is working closely with our 254 00:18:28,634 --> 00:18:31,533 working closely with our colleagues in in our American 255 00:18:31,533 --> 00:18:32,833 colleagues in in our American regional Office to Pan-american 256 00:18:32,833 --> 00:18:35,400 regional Office to Pan-american Health Organization and we will 257 00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:37,166 Health Organization and we will respond promptly to any request 258 00:18:37,166 --> 00:18:40,433 respond promptly to any request for material supplies technical 259 00:18:40,433 --> 00:18:41,300 for material supplies technical assistance or strategic 260 00:18:41,300 --> 00:18:43,300 assistance or strategic guidance regarding the nature 261 00:18:43,300 --> 00:18:44,900 guidance regarding the nature of Mass gatherings or any other 262 00:18:44,900 --> 00:18:46,867 of Mass gatherings or any other control measure. That’s a 263 00:18:46,867 --> 00:18:50,766 control measure. That’s a Brazil wishes us to do so. 264 00:18:52,501 --> 00:18:54,833 Thank you very much and just 265 00:18:54,833 --> 00:18:56,299 Thank you very much and just please if we can have one 266 00:18:56,299 --> 00:18:57,367 please if we can have one question for but generally that 267 00:18:57,367 --> 00:19:00,867 question for but generally that would be a really good. next 268 00:19:00,867 --> 00:19:03,467 would be a really good. next question is coming from Greece. 269 00:19:03,467 --> 00:19:07,467 question is coming from Greece. that’s costs Uss from E R T 270 00:19:07,467 --> 00:19:08,933 that’s costs Uss from E R T television. cost us please 271 00:19:08,933 --> 00:19:10,966 television. cost us please unmute yourself and we will be 272 00:19:10,966 --> 00:19:13,934 unmute yourself and we will be able to hear you hello to 273 00:19:13,934 --> 00:19:15,700 able to hear you hello to everybody. thank you for taking 274 00:19:15,700 --> 00:19:19,000 everybody. thank you for taking my question since the beginning 275 00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:20,299 my question since the beginning of the epidemic States have 276 00:19:20,299 --> 00:19:24,434 of the epidemic States have been called up to 30 - five 277 00:19:24,434 --> 00:19:25,300 been called up to 30 - five cases and citizenss if you are 278 00:19:25,300 --> 00:19:29,967 cases and citizenss if you are and body has already been used. 279 00:19:52,967 --> 00:19:55,333 Of course, as if we can just 280 00:19:55,333 --> 00:19:55,800 Of course, as if we can just repeat the question, the 281 00:19:55,800 --> 00:19:57,933 repeat the question, the question is about the new test 282 00:19:57,933 --> 00:20:01,899 question is about the new test antibody tests or no no no it’s 283 00:20:01,899 --> 00:20:06,066 antibody tests or no no no it’s a question about analyzing 284 00:20:06,066 --> 00:20:08,300 a question about analyzing cities waters to determine the 285 00:20:08,300 --> 00:20:10,867 cities waters to determine the degree of contamination of 286 00:20:10,867 --> 00:20:13,166 degree of contamination of ours. Can this give a faster 287 00:20:13,166 --> 00:20:15,366 ours. Can this give a faster and more realistic picture of 288 00:20:15,366 --> 00:20:16,900 and more realistic picture of the pandemic? Thank you very 289 00:20:16,900 --> 00:20:19,433 the pandemic? Thank you very much for that. so I could start 290 00:20:19,433 --> 00:20:21,900 much for that. so I could start maybe like we wanna add So yes 291 00:20:21,900 --> 00:20:22,333 maybe like we wanna add So yes sorry. I didn’t hear the 292 00:20:22,333 --> 00:20:23,734 sorry. I didn’t hear the question before so there’s 293 00:20:23,734 --> 00:20:26,966 question before so there’s numbers. Ways in which we are 294 00:20:26,966 --> 00:20:28,033 numbers. Ways in which we are looking to evaluate how the 295 00:20:28,033 --> 00:20:30,000 looking to evaluate how the virus is circulating globally, 296 00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:31,867 virus is circulating globally, you mentioned two of those the 297 00:20:31,867 --> 00:20:33,533 you mentioned two of those the use of molecular test or PCR 298 00:20:33,533 --> 00:20:35,000 use of molecular test or PCR test, which are measuring 299 00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:37,400 test, which are measuring active infection in people. 300 00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:39,000 active infection in people. there’s the use of the body 301 00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:40,166 there’s the use of the body test, which are also testing 302 00:20:40,166 --> 00:20:41,700 test, which are also testing people, but that’s testing past 303 00:20:41,700 --> 00:20:43,800 people, but that’s testing past infection. we have a unit here 304 00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:45,767 infection. we have a unit here that’s looking at wastewater 305 00:20:45,767 --> 00:20:48,333 that’s looking at wastewater that is looking at if the virus 306 00:20:48,333 --> 00:20:50,933 that is looking at if the virus live virus or fragments of the 307 00:20:50,933 --> 00:20:52,033 live virus or fragments of the virus are found in wastewater. 308 00:20:52,033 --> 00:20:53,233 virus are found in wastewater. we do understand that there are 309 00:20:53,233 --> 00:20:56,467 we do understand that there are fragments. Virus This is not 310 00:20:56,467 --> 00:20:58,833 fragments. Virus This is not live virus or infectious virus 311 00:20:58,833 --> 00:21:00,500 live virus or infectious virus that can be found in waste 312 00:21:00,500 --> 00:21:01,733 that can be found in waste water so it’s possible that 313 00:21:01,733 --> 00:21:02,899 water so it’s possible that that might be something that 314 00:21:02,899 --> 00:21:04,300 that might be something that could be used to look at where 315 00:21:04,300 --> 00:21:05,933 could be used to look at where the virus may be, but it’s 316 00:21:05,933 --> 00:21:07,400 the virus may be, but it’s important that we focus our 317 00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:08,900 important that we focus our attention on looking for the 318 00:21:08,900 --> 00:21:11,700 attention on looking for the virus and people countries have 319 00:21:11,700 --> 00:21:13,467 virus and people countries have demonstrated the ability to if 320 00:21:13,467 --> 00:21:15,566 demonstrated the ability to if you if you aggressively look 321 00:21:15,566 --> 00:21:19,166 you if you aggressively look for cases human cases and find 322 00:21:19,166 --> 00:21:20,966 for cases human cases and find those individuals isolate those 323 00:21:20,966 --> 00:21:21,367 those individuals isolate those individuals care for them 324 00:21:21,367 --> 00:21:22,333 individuals care for them depending on the severity of 325 00:21:22,333 --> 00:21:25,234 depending on the severity of their illness. In a health care 326 00:21:25,234 --> 00:21:26,966 their illness. In a health care facility or at home, if that 327 00:21:26,966 --> 00:21:29,367 facility or at home, if that can’t be done and identify all 328 00:21:29,367 --> 00:21:31,100 can’t be done and identify all of their contacts and 329 00:21:31,100 --> 00:21:31,634 of their contacts and quarantine those context, we 330 00:21:31,634 --> 00:21:34,367 quarantine those context, we know that works and that can 331 00:21:34,367 --> 00:21:38,000 know that works and that can stop transmission. If we could, 332 00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:40,367 stop transmission. If we could, you know, maybe just emphasize 333 00:21:40,367 --> 00:21:42,099 you know, maybe just emphasize that point I think we’ve said 334 00:21:42,099 --> 00:21:43,934 that point I think we’ve said this a couple of times I mean, 335 00:21:43,934 --> 00:21:45,634 this a couple of times I mean, science and discovery is very 336 00:21:45,634 --> 00:21:46,099 science and discovery is very important and looking for the 337 00:21:46,099 --> 00:21:47,500 important and looking for the virus and different samples 338 00:21:47,500 --> 00:21:48,167 virus and different samples have been able to find 339 00:21:48,167 --> 00:21:50,467 have been able to find different ways to monitor the 340 00:21:50,467 --> 00:21:52,301 different ways to monitor the presence of the virus be as in 341 00:21:52,301 --> 00:21:54,033 presence of the virus be as in and environmental samples very 342 00:21:54,033 --> 00:21:56,600 and environmental samples very important in antibody tests in 343 00:21:56,600 --> 00:21:59,133 important in antibody tests in in in recovery patients very 344 00:21:59,133 --> 00:22:00,000 in in recovery patients very important. They all have an 345 00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:00,799 important. They all have an important and they’re all very 346 00:22:00,799 --> 00:22:03,000 important and they’re all very important for understanding the 347 00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:04,000 important for understanding the long-term trajectory of the 348 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:07,699 long-term trajectory of the pandemic, but we seem also to 349 00:22:07,699 --> 00:22:11,434 pandemic, but we seem also to be avoiding. 350 00:22:12,533 --> 00:22:14,033 The uncomfortable reality that 351 00:22:14,033 --> 00:22:15,567 The uncomfortable reality that we need to get back to public 352 00:22:15,567 --> 00:22:17,166 we need to get back to public health surveillance, we need to 353 00:22:17,166 --> 00:22:19,400 health surveillance, we need to go back where we should have 354 00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:21,100 go back where we should have been months ago, finding cases 355 00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:24,300 been months ago, finding cases tracking cases testing cases 356 00:22:24,300 --> 00:22:25,267 tracking cases testing cases isolating people who are tested 357 00:22:25,267 --> 00:22:27,666 isolating people who are tested positive doing quarantine for 358 00:22:27,666 --> 00:22:29,066 positive doing quarantine for context. We have seen time and 359 00:22:29,066 --> 00:22:30,566 context. We have seen time and time again in countries that 360 00:22:30,566 --> 00:22:32,500 time again in countries that have contained this virus and 361 00:22:32,500 --> 00:22:34,101 have contained this virus and brought it under control 362 00:22:34,101 --> 00:22:35,334 brought it under control without the need for massive 363 00:22:35,334 --> 00:22:36,700 without the need for massive lockdowns have done it through 364 00:22:36,700 --> 00:22:37,634 lockdowns have done it through the application of the 365 00:22:37,634 --> 00:22:43,667 the application of the principles. human rights driven 366 00:22:43,667 --> 00:22:45,966 principles. human rights driven but sometimes quite aggressive 367 00:22:45,966 --> 00:22:47,400 but sometimes quite aggressive public health surveillance and 368 00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:50,033 public health surveillance and I think we sometimes I think 369 00:22:50,033 --> 00:22:51,767 I think we sometimes I think this is something we do in 370 00:22:51,767 --> 00:22:52,934 this is something we do in society. We sometimes look for 371 00:22:52,934 --> 00:22:54,033 society. We sometimes look for the answers where they’re not. 372 00:22:54,033 --> 00:22:56,167 the answers where they’re not. We need to go back to the basic 373 00:22:56,167 --> 00:22:57,866 We need to go back to the basic principles of how we control 374 00:22:57,866 --> 00:22:59,900 principles of how we control this disease, a comprehensive 375 00:22:59,900 --> 00:23:01,867 this disease, a comprehensive strategy that matches basic 376 00:23:01,867 --> 00:23:04,833 strategy that matches basic public health surveillance 377 00:23:04,833 --> 00:23:06,000 public health surveillance community, education, knowledge 378 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:07,433 community, education, knowledge and empowerment with the 379 00:23:07,433 --> 00:23:08,833 and empowerment with the strength health care capacity 380 00:23:08,833 --> 00:23:12,633 strength health care capacity to treat cases and we. Able to 381 00:23:12,633 --> 00:23:14,333 to treat cases and we. Able to pull those three things 382 00:23:14,333 --> 00:23:15,466 pull those three things together and develop a vaccine 383 00:23:15,466 --> 00:23:17,501 together and develop a vaccine in the medium to long term. 384 00:23:17,501 --> 00:23:19,233 in the medium to long term. That’s the core. There’s a lot 385 00:23:19,233 --> 00:23:20,766 That’s the core. There’s a lot of other information on science 386 00:23:20,766 --> 00:23:21,700 of other information on science that needs to be discovered 387 00:23:21,700 --> 00:23:23,400 that needs to be discovered around that, but we need to 388 00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:24,700 around that, but we need to stick to the core strategy or 389 00:23:24,700 --> 00:23:27,967 stick to the core strategy or else where we really will risk 390 00:23:27,967 --> 00:23:31,933 else where we really will risk looking for answers where the 391 00:23:31,933 --> 00:23:33,500 looking for answers where the answers are not the answers to 392 00:23:33,500 --> 00:23:35,100 answers are not the answers to the questions We’re asking are 393 00:23:35,100 --> 00:23:36,867 the questions We’re asking are not going to solve the problem. 394 00:23:36,867 --> 00:23:37,867 not going to solve the problem. We have. We know the problem we 395 00:23:37,867 --> 00:23:40,867 We have. We know the problem we have. 396 00:23:42,267 --> 00:23:45,501 Thank you very much to andro 397 00:23:45,501 --> 00:23:49,567 Thank you very much to andro and now we will go to Logan 398 00:23:49,567 --> 00:23:52,400 and now we will go to Logan from Swiss News a low down can 399 00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:53,966 from Swiss News a low down can you can you? please tell me 400 00:23:53,966 --> 00:23:55,867 you can you? please tell me yourself? Yes, please go ahead. 401 00:23:55,867 --> 00:23:57,467 yourself? Yes, please go ahead. Yeah. Thank you for having my 402 00:23:57,467 --> 00:23:59,166 Yeah. Thank you for having my question since you raised the 403 00:23:59,166 --> 00:24:02,801 question since you raised the question of to several several 404 00:24:02,801 --> 00:24:04,767 question of to several several tests, the last time that the 405 00:24:04,767 --> 00:24:05,967 tests, the last time that the Swiss pharmaceutical group 406 00:24:05,967 --> 00:24:08,534 Swiss pharmaceutical group rushed got the approval from 407 00:24:08,534 --> 00:24:12,134 rushed got the approval from FDA and they pretend to have a 408 00:24:12,134 --> 00:24:13,067 FDA and they pretend to have a product which is stressful than 409 00:24:13,067 --> 00:24:13,967 product which is stressful than 99 percent or more efficient. 410 00:24:13,967 --> 00:24:14,700 99 percent or more efficient. and at the same time there was 411 00:24:14,700 --> 00:24:17,733 and at the same time there was a. 412 00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:19,299 By the University of Zurich, 413 00:24:19,299 --> 00:24:21,967 By the University of Zurich, the lands that tend to show 414 00:24:21,967 --> 00:24:24,400 the lands that tend to show that Cogan, 19, is not only a 415 00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:27,067 that Cogan, 19, is not only a pneumonia but also systemic 416 00:24:27,067 --> 00:24:28,900 pneumonia but also systemic vascular vascular inflammation. 417 00:24:28,900 --> 00:24:30,000 vascular vascular inflammation. So what does these two 418 00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:31,900 So what does these two components? tell us and what 419 00:24:31,900 --> 00:24:32,366 components? tell us and what might that change in terms of 420 00:24:32,366 --> 00:24:36,299 might that change in terms of response? Thank you. I’ll start 421 00:24:36,299 --> 00:24:37,799 response? Thank you. I’ll start with the the first part of that 422 00:24:37,799 --> 00:24:41,367 with the the first part of that question, so there are hundreds 423 00:24:41,367 --> 00:24:43,499 question, so there are hundreds of tests that are available a 424 00:24:43,499 --> 00:24:45,500 of tests that are available a number of them are serial logic 425 00:24:45,500 --> 00:24:46,033 number of them are serial logic test, which are measuring the 426 00:24:46,033 --> 00:24:48,466 test, which are measuring the amount of antibodies and an 427 00:24:48,466 --> 00:24:49,899 amount of antibodies and an individual and some of these 428 00:24:49,899 --> 00:24:51,566 individual and some of these are undergoing different forms 429 00:24:51,566 --> 00:24:53,899 are undergoing different forms of validation which is very 430 00:24:53,899 --> 00:24:55,499 of validation which is very important. This means that each 431 00:24:55,499 --> 00:24:57,867 important. This means that each of the tests that are developed 432 00:24:57,867 --> 00:24:59,567 of the tests that are developed are assessed and evaluated for 433 00:24:59,567 --> 00:25:01,967 are assessed and evaluated for how well they work and they’re 434 00:25:01,967 --> 00:25:05,799 how well they work and they’re you you use a a known quantity 435 00:25:05,799 --> 00:25:07,933 you you use a a known quantity of Syria of biological material 436 00:25:07,933 --> 00:25:08,467 of Syria of biological material to look and see how well the 437 00:25:08,467 --> 00:25:09,233 to look and see how well the tests performed do they 438 00:25:09,233 --> 00:25:11,800 tests performed do they actually. What they’re supposed 439 00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:13,567 actually. What they’re supposed to measure and that’s 440 00:25:13,567 --> 00:25:14,799 to measure and that’s important. we are working with 441 00:25:14,799 --> 00:25:17,267 important. we are working with a number of labs and also find 442 00:25:17,267 --> 00:25:18,833 a number of labs and also find to help do validation of 443 00:25:18,833 --> 00:25:20,499 to help do validation of molecular tests as well as 444 00:25:20,499 --> 00:25:23,733 molecular tests as well as sewer logic tests and as those 445 00:25:23,733 --> 00:25:24,633 sewer logic tests and as those validation results come 446 00:25:24,633 --> 00:25:25,899 validation results come available, then we will have 447 00:25:25,899 --> 00:25:27,267 available, then we will have more and more confidence in 448 00:25:27,267 --> 00:25:29,301 more and more confidence in each of these tests that are 449 00:25:29,301 --> 00:25:30,800 each of these tests that are out there there are more than 450 00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:33,299 out there there are more than 90 countries that are currently 451 00:25:33,299 --> 00:25:34,967 90 countries that are currently conducting zero epidemiologic 452 00:25:34,967 --> 00:25:36,567 conducting zero epidemiologic studies. we’ve mentioned that 453 00:25:36,567 --> 00:25:37,366 studies. we’ve mentioned that previously and this is an 454 00:25:37,366 --> 00:25:38,767 previously and this is an important part of understanding 455 00:25:38,767 --> 00:25:43,467 important part of understanding the. Extent of infection in in 456 00:25:43,467 --> 00:25:44,866 the. Extent of infection in in a population in a country and 457 00:25:44,866 --> 00:25:49,100 a population in a country and across the world. And on the 458 00:25:49,100 --> 00:25:51,634 across the world. And on the issue of the clinical syndrome 459 00:25:51,634 --> 00:25:54,000 issue of the clinical syndrome Associated with the Cohen 19, I 460 00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:56,033 Associated with the Cohen 19, I think this is an important 461 00:25:56,033 --> 00:25:58,499 think this is an important issue because I think we’ve 462 00:25:58,499 --> 00:26:00,033 issue because I think we’ve very often seen with new 463 00:26:00,033 --> 00:26:02,234 very often seen with new emerging diseases that they 464 00:26:02,234 --> 00:26:03,633 emerging diseases that they don’t always have just one 465 00:26:03,633 --> 00:26:05,134 don’t always have just one target organ. They tend to 466 00:26:05,134 --> 00:26:06,566 target organ. They tend to cause a much more disseminated 467 00:26:06,566 --> 00:26:07,966 cause a much more disseminated disease that may affect 468 00:26:07,966 --> 00:26:10,534 disease that may affect multiple organs and it is 469 00:26:10,534 --> 00:26:12,833 multiple organs and it is sometimes only over time many 470 00:26:12,833 --> 00:26:14,400 sometimes only over time many generations of transmission 471 00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:15,133 generations of transmission sometimes decades sometimes 472 00:26:15,133 --> 00:26:16,566 sometimes decades sometimes hundreds of years where some 473 00:26:16,566 --> 00:26:19,966 hundreds of years where some diseases stam. What looks like 474 00:26:19,966 --> 00:26:22,599 diseases stam. What looks like a preferred organ becomes an 475 00:26:22,599 --> 00:26:23,966 a preferred organ becomes an endemic disease with one organ 476 00:26:23,966 --> 00:26:25,600 endemic disease with one organ that’s affected more than any 477 00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:29,000 that’s affected more than any other organ in the body and we 478 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:30,467 other organ in the body and we tend to often call those 479 00:26:30,467 --> 00:26:31,799 tend to often call those diseases after the organ and 480 00:26:31,799 --> 00:26:33,633 diseases after the organ and the effect we often called the 481 00:26:33,633 --> 00:26:35,100 the effect we often called the hepatitis viruses because they 482 00:26:35,100 --> 00:26:37,433 hepatitis viruses because they caused hepatitis inflammation 483 00:26:37,433 --> 00:26:38,000 caused hepatitis inflammation of the liver. But there are 484 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:39,034 of the liver. But there are many different types of virus 485 00:26:39,034 --> 00:26:41,600 many different types of virus that caused that same problem 486 00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:43,067 that caused that same problem but however, there are diseases 487 00:26:43,067 --> 00:26:44,633 but however, there are diseases like measles and we often think 488 00:26:44,633 --> 00:26:46,267 like measles and we often think of measles as a disease the 489 00:26:46,267 --> 00:26:49,467 of measles as a disease the fever. The rash of a mild 490 00:26:49,467 --> 00:26:53,466 fever. The rash of a mild self-limiting in in children, I 491 00:26:53,466 --> 00:26:56,000 self-limiting in in children, I can tell you that measles is an 492 00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:56,400 can tell you that measles is an vaccinated child who’s 493 00:26:56,400 --> 00:26:59,066 vaccinated child who’s undernourished and living in a 494 00:26:59,066 --> 00:27:00,499 undernourished and living in a refugee camp is a serious 495 00:27:00,499 --> 00:27:01,800 refugee camp is a serious disease that can affect our 496 00:27:01,800 --> 00:27:04,533 disease that can affect our lungs their eyes their brain, 497 00:27:04,533 --> 00:27:06,933 lungs their eyes their brain, It can cause so many different 498 00:27:06,933 --> 00:27:08,466 It can cause so many different organs to fail. It’s quite 499 00:27:08,466 --> 00:27:10,667 organs to fail. It’s quite frightening. So I think when we 500 00:27:10,667 --> 00:27:12,000 frightening. So I think when we look at Covid- 19, we need to 501 00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:13,866 look at Covid- 19, we need to see that as a disease that 502 00:27:13,866 --> 00:27:15,300 see that as a disease that obviously is a respiratory 503 00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:16,000 obviously is a respiratory disease that’s spread by it 504 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:19,633 disease that’s spread by it causes ari to. It is clear that 505 00:27:19,633 --> 00:27:21,100 causes ari to. It is clear that the proportion of patients it 506 00:27:21,100 --> 00:27:23,501 the proportion of patients it is causing a broader 507 00:27:23,501 --> 00:27:24,867 is causing a broader inflammatory response and 508 00:27:24,867 --> 00:27:26,833 inflammatory response and either within the vascular or 509 00:27:26,833 --> 00:27:28,900 either within the vascular or that’s the blood carrying 510 00:27:28,900 --> 00:27:30,000 that’s the blood carrying system or in other parts of the 511 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:31,533 system or in other parts of the body. We’ve also seen reports 512 00:27:31,533 --> 00:27:34,167 body. We’ve also seen reports of encephalitis or swelling or 513 00:27:34,167 --> 00:27:35,600 of encephalitis or swelling or inflammation of the brain. 514 00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:39,334 inflammation of the brain. We’ve seen other reports of 515 00:27:39,334 --> 00:27:41,267 We’ve seen other reports of other effects of the disease 516 00:27:41,267 --> 00:27:42,000 other effects of the disease and that’s why it’s so 517 00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:43,600 and that’s why it’s so important as Maria said 518 00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:44,800 important as Maria said previously that we continue to 519 00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:45,467 previously that we continue to collect clinical data from 520 00:27:45,467 --> 00:27:46,300 collect clinical data from across the world on all of 521 00:27:46,300 --> 00:27:49,833 across the world on all of these different. Of the virus, 522 00:27:49,833 --> 00:27:51,333 these different. Of the virus, but it’s still primarily 523 00:27:51,333 --> 00:27:52,467 but it’s still primarily causing a respiratory syndrome 524 00:27:52,467 --> 00:27:54,899 causing a respiratory syndrome and you see that unfortunately 525 00:27:54,899 --> 00:27:55,767 and you see that unfortunately and tragically repeated day 526 00:27:55,767 --> 00:27:57,200 and tragically repeated day after day in intensive care 527 00:27:57,200 --> 00:27:59,467 after day in intensive care units around the world patients 528 00:27:59,467 --> 00:28:00,533 units around the world patients struggling to breathe with 529 00:28:00,533 --> 00:28:03,167 struggling to breathe with their oxygen levels falling and 530 00:28:03,167 --> 00:28:04,567 their oxygen levels falling and having demonstrable damage by 531 00:28:04,567 --> 00:28:06,899 having demonstrable damage by CAT scan and X-ray to their 532 00:28:06,899 --> 00:28:08,434 CAT scan and X-ray to their lung tissue. That is a major 533 00:28:08,434 --> 00:28:09,833 lung tissue. That is a major part of the syndrome, but 534 00:28:09,833 --> 00:28:11,966 part of the syndrome, but clearly the vascular effects of 535 00:28:11,966 --> 00:28:13,899 clearly the vascular effects of the effects on the blood 536 00:28:13,899 --> 00:28:15,199 the effects on the blood carrying system are the 537 00:28:15,199 --> 00:28:15,800 carrying system are the cardiovascular system. are 538 00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:16,400 cardiovascular system. are there They’re Real and they 539 00:28:16,400 --> 00:28:21,834 there They’re Real and they need to be. Further 540 00:28:23,967 --> 00:28:28,066 The next question is from David 541 00:28:28,066 --> 00:28:32,134 The next question is from David Andelman from CNN. David. You 542 00:28:32,134 --> 00:28:33,500 Andelman from CNN. David. You have the floor. Yes. Thank you. 543 00:28:33,500 --> 00:28:36,467 have the floor. Yes. Thank you. can you hear me? yes, but you 544 00:28:36,467 --> 00:28:38,667 can you hear me? yes, but you can you suggest why Russia’s 545 00:28:38,667 --> 00:28:39,900 can you suggest why Russia’s infection rate has been rising 546 00:28:39,900 --> 00:28:42,566 infection rate has been rising so dramatically and whether the 547 00:28:42,566 --> 00:28:43,767 so dramatically and whether the WHO figures really reflected 548 00:28:43,767 --> 00:28:44,667 WHO figures really reflected the totality of Russia rather 549 00:28:44,667 --> 00:28:46,733 the totality of Russia rather than largely Moscow and when 550 00:28:46,733 --> 00:28:49,934 than largely Moscow and when the Russian is following WHO 551 00:28:49,934 --> 00:28:50,467 the Russian is following WHO guidelines for containment as 552 00:28:50,467 --> 00:28:54,166 guidelines for containment as Doctor Tds has just outlined. 553 00:28:57,233 --> 00:29:03,301 And David I think Russia is 554 00:29:03,301 --> 00:29:05,099 And David I think Russia is probably experiencing a delayed 555 00:29:05,099 --> 00:29:06,033 probably experiencing a delayed epidemic and we’ve seen this in 556 00:29:06,033 --> 00:29:08,334 epidemic and we’ve seen this in many context. We’ve seen how 557 00:29:08,334 --> 00:29:12,334 many context. We’ve seen how Italy how was one of the first 558 00:29:12,334 --> 00:29:13,733 Italy how was one of the first countries in Europe to 559 00:29:13,733 --> 00:29:14,900 countries in Europe to experience a large scale 560 00:29:14,900 --> 00:29:15,800 experience a large scale epidemic and it was followed by 561 00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:17,867 epidemic and it was followed by spay and followed by the UK and 562 00:29:17,867 --> 00:29:20,899 spay and followed by the UK and we believe that in that sense 563 00:29:20,899 --> 00:29:22,999 we believe that in that sense Russia has experienced a 564 00:29:22,999 --> 00:29:25,166 Russia has experienced a delayed and beginning to the 565 00:29:25,166 --> 00:29:25,900 delayed and beginning to the epidemic and is now seeing 566 00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:28,501 epidemic and is now seeing that’s that increase in cases 567 00:29:28,501 --> 00:29:29,166 that’s that increase in cases and Russia’s also increased its 568 00:29:29,166 --> 00:29:32,534 and Russia’s also increased its testing and both in. Urban 569 00:29:32,534 --> 00:29:35,234 testing and both in. Urban areas and outside and and the 570 00:29:35,234 --> 00:29:37,400 areas and outside and and the increased numbers may reflect 571 00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:38,901 increased numbers may reflect partly that, but there’s also 572 00:29:38,901 --> 00:29:40,000 partly that, but there’s also been an increase in deaths, 573 00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:41,501 been an increase in deaths, which means the disease is 574 00:29:41,501 --> 00:29:43,500 which means the disease is clearly having an impact and I 575 00:29:43,500 --> 00:29:44,867 clearly having an impact and I think the government has really 576 00:29:44,867 --> 00:29:48,099 think the government has really shifted its response to a much 577 00:29:48,099 --> 00:29:49,601 shifted its response to a much more aggressive mode over the 578 00:29:49,601 --> 00:29:50,901 more aggressive mode over the last week or so because I think 579 00:29:50,901 --> 00:29:52,566 last week or so because I think there’s a growing realization 580 00:29:52,566 --> 00:29:56,000 there’s a growing realization that this disease is requiring 581 00:29:56,000 --> 00:29:59,333 that this disease is requiring a scale of response in terms of 582 00:29:59,333 --> 00:30:00,733 a scale of response in terms of the strategies that implemented 583 00:30:00,733 --> 00:30:04,000 the strategies that implemented Russia. Implemented It’s very 584 00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:05,733 Russia. Implemented It’s very large-scale, public health and 585 00:30:05,733 --> 00:30:09,167 large-scale, public health and social distancing measures. it 586 00:30:09,167 --> 00:30:10,467 social distancing measures. it is increasing it’s lab testing 587 00:30:10,467 --> 00:30:12,999 is increasing it’s lab testing across the country. I think 588 00:30:12,999 --> 00:30:14,466 across the country. I think we’re all countries have 589 00:30:14,466 --> 00:30:16,934 we’re all countries have struggled quite frankly is with 590 00:30:16,934 --> 00:30:18,467 struggled quite frankly is with a systematic contact tracing, 591 00:30:18,467 --> 00:30:19,200 a systematic contact tracing, particularly the numbers begin 592 00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:21,000 particularly the numbers begin to rise very quickly, and I 593 00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:22,867 to rise very quickly, and I think this has happened. if you 594 00:30:22,867 --> 00:30:24,899 think this has happened. if you remember, we spoke about the 595 00:30:24,899 --> 00:30:26,534 remember, we spoke about the the the four C’s before where 596 00:30:26,534 --> 00:30:29,133 the the four C’s before where you have cases and you have a 597 00:30:29,133 --> 00:30:30,000 you have cases and you have a clusters and then you have this 598 00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:30,634 clusters and then you have this widespread community 599 00:30:30,634 --> 00:30:31,767 widespread community transmission and I think when 600 00:30:31,767 --> 00:30:35,134 transmission and I think when you. Cases and clusters of 601 00:30:35,134 --> 00:30:36,567 you. Cases and clusters of cases, it’s quite 602 00:30:36,567 --> 00:30:38,767 cases, it’s quite straightforward with some 603 00:30:38,767 --> 00:30:40,066 straightforward with some targeted investments in public 604 00:30:40,066 --> 00:30:41,867 targeted investments in public health services to do the kind 605 00:30:41,867 --> 00:30:44,000 health services to do the kind of containment activities. We 606 00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:45,600 of containment activities. We speak we’ve spoken about before 607 00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:47,867 speak we’ve spoken about before once you reach intense 608 00:30:47,867 --> 00:30:48,567 once you reach intense community transmission. It 609 00:30:48,567 --> 00:30:49,800 community transmission. It becomes very difficult at that 610 00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:54,934 becomes very difficult at that point to do systematic and 611 00:30:54,934 --> 00:30:56,599 point to do systematic and comprehensive surveillance. I 612 00:30:56,599 --> 00:30:58,199 comprehensive surveillance. I think the exception to that are 613 00:30:58,199 --> 00:31:00,000 think the exception to that are our country like a Korea that 614 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:00,733 our country like a Korea that managed to do incredible 615 00:31:00,733 --> 00:31:03,767 managed to do incredible contact racing in the. Of a 616 00:31:03,767 --> 00:31:05,233 contact racing in the. Of a very intense community 617 00:31:05,233 --> 00:31:06,500 very intense community outbreak, so it is possible to 618 00:31:06,500 --> 00:31:07,500 outbreak, so it is possible to do, but it requires a very 619 00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:11,433 do, but it requires a very coherent very well resourced 620 00:31:11,433 --> 00:31:14,000 coherent very well resourced and a very well-trained public 621 00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:16,267 and a very well-trained public health workforce with a lot of 622 00:31:16,267 --> 00:31:17,767 health workforce with a lot of resources and the support of 623 00:31:17,767 --> 00:31:19,467 resources and the support of government and of the community 624 00:31:19,467 --> 00:31:20,399 government and of the community to achieve that. and I think 625 00:31:20,399 --> 00:31:22,033 to achieve that. and I think that’s maybe for Russia for 626 00:31:22,033 --> 00:31:23,733 that’s maybe for Russia for other countries in Europe once 627 00:31:23,733 --> 00:31:26,033 other countries in Europe once you get behind the curve and 628 00:31:26,033 --> 00:31:27,433 you get behind the curve and once the disease has spread a 629 00:31:27,433 --> 00:31:29,533 once the disease has spread a community level, the only 630 00:31:29,533 --> 00:31:31,067 community level, the only options that remain open to 631 00:31:31,067 --> 00:31:32,501 options that remain open to countries in those situations 632 00:31:32,501 --> 00:31:34,033 countries in those situations have been pretty severe, public 633 00:31:34,033 --> 00:31:34,833 have been pretty severe, public health and social distancing 634 00:31:34,833 --> 00:31:35,634 health and social distancing measures, and those measures 635 00:31:35,634 --> 00:31:38,801 measures, and those measures have had a. And they have 636 00:31:38,801 --> 00:31:42,000 have had a. And they have suppressed infection but 637 00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:43,167 suppressed infection but without and as that those 638 00:31:43,167 --> 00:31:44,634 without and as that those numbers have fallen and 639 00:31:44,634 --> 00:31:46,867 numbers have fallen and restrictions are lifted. the 640 00:31:46,867 --> 00:31:47,967 restrictions are lifted. the danger is always as many has 641 00:31:47,967 --> 00:31:50,867 danger is always as many has said before over a jump back 642 00:31:50,867 --> 00:31:52,400 said before over a jump back that disease will probably jump 643 00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:54,066 that disease will probably jump back unless you continue 644 00:31:54,066 --> 00:31:55,834 back unless you continue suppressing the virus by those 645 00:31:55,834 --> 00:31:57,833 suppressing the virus by those public health measures by those 646 00:31:57,833 --> 00:31:59,234 public health measures by those cluster investigations by the 647 00:31:59,234 --> 00:32:02,000 cluster investigations by the contact tracing the testing and 648 00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:04,000 contact tracing the testing and by continuing to support the 649 00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:05,467 by continuing to support the community to maintain physical 650 00:32:05,467 --> 00:32:06,066 community to maintain physical distance and appropriate 651 00:32:06,066 --> 00:32:07,234 distance and appropriate measures if not a total 652 00:32:07,234 --> 00:32:10,367 measures if not a total lockdown and with the case. Of 653 00:32:10,367 --> 00:32:13,967 lockdown and with the case. Of the Russian of Russia, I think 654 00:32:13,967 --> 00:32:15,600 the Russian of Russia, I think Russia’s just in a different 655 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:18,434 Russia’s just in a different phase of the of the pandemic 656 00:32:18,434 --> 00:32:20,400 phase of the of the pandemic and can learn some of the 657 00:32:20,400 --> 00:32:22,400 and can learn some of the lessons that have been learned 658 00:32:22,400 --> 00:32:26,200 lessons that have been learned at great cost in Asia in North 659 00:32:26,200 --> 00:32:29,900 at great cost in Asia in North America and in Western 660 00:32:30,467 --> 00:32:32,534 Europe, we take it up to the 661 00:32:32,534 --> 00:32:36,066 Europe, we take it up to the next question coming from my 662 00:32:36,066 --> 00:32:37,766 next question coming from my from the shift Maya so you need 663 00:32:37,766 --> 00:32:42,999 from the shift Maya so you need to. Yourself please. 664 00:32:44,099 --> 00:32:45,933 Thank you very much for taking 665 00:32:45,933 --> 00:32:47,433 Thank you very much for taking my question. My question is 666 00:32:47,433 --> 00:32:50,467 my question. My question is regarding the current vascular 667 00:32:50,467 --> 00:32:51,967 regarding the current vascular issues that have been reported 668 00:32:51,967 --> 00:32:54,500 issues that have been reported if you could elaborate a bit 669 00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:58,533 if you could elaborate a bit more on how are you looking at 670 00:32:58,533 --> 00:33:02,299 more on how are you looking at the issues of you know patients 671 00:33:02,299 --> 00:33:06,566 the issues of you know patients report? How how does the WHO 672 00:33:06,566 --> 00:33:07,967 report? How how does the WHO reports on this and collects 673 00:33:07,967 --> 00:33:11,366 reports on this and collects data on this kind of because I 674 00:33:11,366 --> 00:33:12,066 data on this kind of because I I heard that some people came 675 00:33:12,066 --> 00:33:16,099 I heard that some people came to hospitals not with his. 676 00:33:16,099 --> 00:33:17,766 to hospitals not with his. Problems with the 677 00:33:17,766 --> 00:33:18,566 Problems with the cardiovascular problems and 678 00:33:18,566 --> 00:33:20,867 cardiovascular problems and then they went back home and 679 00:33:20,867 --> 00:33:22,467 then they went back home and later they were found out that 680 00:33:22,467 --> 00:33:24,333 later they were found out that that was part of the symptoms 681 00:33:24,333 --> 00:33:26,467 that was part of the symptoms that they exhibited by the you 682 00:33:26,467 --> 00:33:28,734 that they exhibited by the you know cardiovascular having 683 00:33:28,734 --> 00:33:32,334 know cardiovascular having cardiovascular issues. 684 00:33:33,033 --> 00:33:34,267 So thank you for the question. 685 00:33:34,267 --> 00:33:35,366 So thank you for the question. It’s a really important 686 00:33:35,366 --> 00:33:37,100 It’s a really important question. as we learn as Mike 687 00:33:37,100 --> 00:33:39,499 question. as we learn as Mike has just said as we learn more 688 00:33:39,499 --> 00:33:42,167 has just said as we learn more and more about this virus, I 689 00:33:42,167 --> 00:33:43,400 and more about this virus, I have to remind myself that 690 00:33:43,400 --> 00:33:44,999 have to remind myself that we’re in month five of this 691 00:33:44,999 --> 00:33:47,467 we’re in month five of this pandemic and although it has 692 00:33:47,467 --> 00:33:48,367 pandemic and although it has seemed like an incredibly long 693 00:33:48,367 --> 00:33:50,000 seemed like an incredibly long time, we’re at the very early 694 00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:52,667 time, we’re at the very early stages of our understanding of 695 00:33:52,667 --> 00:33:56,667 stages of our understanding of how this virus affects the body 696 00:33:56,667 --> 00:33:58,934 how this virus affects the body how the disease progresses what 697 00:33:58,934 --> 00:33:59,867 how the disease progresses what diseases that this infection 698 00:33:59,867 --> 00:34:03,267 diseases that this infection causes we have a global. 699 00:34:03,267 --> 00:34:05,367 causes we have a global. Clinical network that we’ve 700 00:34:05,367 --> 00:34:07,267 Clinical network that we’ve brought together we’ve we bring 701 00:34:07,267 --> 00:34:09,667 brought together we’ve we bring this same group of clinicians 702 00:34:09,667 --> 00:34:11,400 this same group of clinicians across the globe together for 703 00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:12,500 across the globe together for other diseases. We activated 704 00:34:12,500 --> 00:34:14,833 other diseases. We activated this group very early in 705 00:34:14,833 --> 00:34:16,467 this group very early in January to bring together 706 00:34:16,467 --> 00:34:19,000 January to bring together clinicians who have experience 707 00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:21,600 clinicians who have experience with treating covid- 19 708 00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:22,434 with treating covid- 19 patients and the value in doing 709 00:34:22,434 --> 00:34:24,534 patients and the value in doing that as you’re putting 710 00:34:24,534 --> 00:34:25,667 that as you’re putting clinicians talking to 711 00:34:25,667 --> 00:34:26,933 clinicians talking to clinicians with firsthand 712 00:34:26,933 --> 00:34:28,600 clinicians with firsthand experience of what they’re 713 00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:29,533 experience of what they’re actually seeing in terms of the 714 00:34:29,533 --> 00:34:30,199 actually seeing in terms of the patients in terms of what those 715 00:34:30,199 --> 00:34:32,901 patients in terms of what those patients are dealing with and. 716 00:34:32,901 --> 00:34:34,033 patients are dealing with and. Those doctors and nurses and 717 00:34:34,033 --> 00:34:35,567 Those doctors and nurses and medical professionals are doing 718 00:34:35,567 --> 00:34:37,000 medical professionals are doing to try to save their lives and 719 00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:39,133 to try to save their lives and to try to prevent them from 720 00:34:39,133 --> 00:34:40,966 to try to prevent them from progressing to severe disease 721 00:34:40,966 --> 00:34:42,434 progressing to severe disease the way in which we gather 722 00:34:42,434 --> 00:34:44,367 the way in which we gather information about symptoms or 723 00:34:44,367 --> 00:34:46,767 information about symptoms or disease is through a 724 00:34:46,767 --> 00:34:48,299 disease is through a standardized set of data that 725 00:34:48,299 --> 00:34:49,866 standardized set of data that is needs to be collected from 726 00:34:49,866 --> 00:34:52,400 is needs to be collected from patients. it’s very difficult 727 00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:53,933 patients. it’s very difficult to collect a standardized set 728 00:34:53,933 --> 00:34:55,099 to collect a standardized set of data from patients when 729 00:34:55,099 --> 00:34:55,734 of data from patients when you’re when you’re in the 730 00:34:55,734 --> 00:34:57,934 you’re when you’re in the Middle of a very intense 731 00:34:57,934 --> 00:34:58,467 Middle of a very intense outbreak, and you’re just 732 00:34:58,467 --> 00:34:59,366 outbreak, and you’re just trying to save as many lives as 733 00:34:59,366 --> 00:35:02,566 trying to save as many lives as you can. but in some. And in 734 00:35:02,566 --> 00:35:05,033 you can. but in some. And in many countries that don’t see 735 00:35:05,033 --> 00:35:06,367 many countries that don’t see intense transmission right now 736 00:35:06,367 --> 00:35:08,501 intense transmission right now and especially in the 737 00:35:08,501 --> 00:35:09,833 and especially in the beginning. what we did is we 738 00:35:09,833 --> 00:35:12,766 beginning. what we did is we set up a clinical case report 739 00:35:12,766 --> 00:35:13,933 set up a clinical case report form which is something that 740 00:35:13,933 --> 00:35:16,367 form which is something that was developed with WHO and ISA, 741 00:35:16,367 --> 00:35:17,367 was developed with WHO and ISA, which is the international 742 00:35:17,367 --> 00:35:18,600 which is the international severe acute respiratory 743 00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:21,234 severe acute respiratory infection consortium and many 744 00:35:21,234 --> 00:35:22,566 infection consortium and many partners, many clinicians and 745 00:35:22,566 --> 00:35:24,400 partners, many clinicians and nurses and medical 746 00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:26,267 nurses and medical practitioners across the globe 747 00:35:26,267 --> 00:35:28,434 practitioners across the globe to set up a case report form 748 00:35:28,434 --> 00:35:30,667 to set up a case report form that collected a set amount of 749 00:35:30,667 --> 00:35:32,000 that collected a set amount of data from each patient and in 750 00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:35,567 data from each patient and in doing so. Helps us gather 751 00:35:35,567 --> 00:35:36,500 doing so. Helps us gather information so that we can 752 00:35:36,500 --> 00:35:38,433 information so that we can analyze it and say is this 753 00:35:38,433 --> 00:35:40,300 analyze it and say is this common is that not common? is 754 00:35:40,300 --> 00:35:42,500 common is that not common? is it Associated with Covid- 19 755 00:35:42,500 --> 00:35:43,733 it Associated with Covid- 19 infection what does the 756 00:35:43,733 --> 00:35:46,634 infection what does the presence of of smoking or an 757 00:35:46,634 --> 00:35:48,333 presence of of smoking or an underlying condition have to 758 00:35:48,333 --> 00:35:49,800 underlying condition have to make that condition? worse? so 759 00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:52,400 make that condition? worse? so we set up this case report form 760 00:35:52,400 --> 00:35:53,934 we set up this case report form it is being used now. it took 761 00:35:53,934 --> 00:35:55,499 it is being used now. it took some time to get going and 762 00:35:55,499 --> 00:35:58,566 some time to get going and there’s more than 10000 case 763 00:35:58,566 --> 00:36:00,567 there’s more than 10000 case records in this and we want we 764 00:36:00,567 --> 00:36:02,467 records in this and we want we are hoping that more and more a 765 00:36:02,467 --> 00:36:03,933 are hoping that more and more a case records can be obtained so 766 00:36:03,933 --> 00:36:04,733 case records can be obtained so that we could better understand 767 00:36:04,733 --> 00:36:07,700 that we could better understand this in addition we’re. With a 768 00:36:07,700 --> 00:36:09,366 this in addition we’re. With a number of countries who are 769 00:36:09,366 --> 00:36:10,899 number of countries who are conducting their own studies in 770 00:36:10,899 --> 00:36:12,733 conducting their own studies in their hospitals, some of these 771 00:36:12,733 --> 00:36:13,899 their hospitals, some of these are coming out through 772 00:36:13,899 --> 00:36:15,700 are coming out through peer-reviewed publications but 773 00:36:15,700 --> 00:36:17,767 peer-reviewed publications but those are done by individual 774 00:36:17,767 --> 00:36:19,600 those are done by individual hospitals and that information 775 00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:21,767 hospitals and that information is really critical for us to 776 00:36:21,767 --> 00:36:22,966 is really critical for us to gather an evidence-based to 777 00:36:22,966 --> 00:36:24,434 gather an evidence-based to really understand what’s 778 00:36:24,434 --> 00:36:25,933 really understand what’s happening, But with these 779 00:36:25,933 --> 00:36:27,366 happening, But with these syndromes with these new 780 00:36:27,366 --> 00:36:29,966 syndromes with these new syndrome, that’s we hear about 781 00:36:29,966 --> 00:36:32,334 syndrome, that’s we hear about those are identified by a 782 00:36:32,334 --> 00:36:33,366 those are identified by a clinicians, a student nurses, a 783 00:36:33,366 --> 00:36:34,033 clinicians, a student nurses, a student medical professionals, 784 00:36:34,033 --> 00:36:37,234 student medical professionals, and it’s important. That’s 785 00:36:37,234 --> 00:36:39,100 and it’s important. That’s characterized you’ve heard of 786 00:36:39,100 --> 00:36:40,533 characterized you’ve heard of this hyper inflammatory 787 00:36:40,533 --> 00:36:41,266 this hyper inflammatory syndrome in children that is 788 00:36:41,266 --> 00:36:42,999 syndrome in children that is something that is now being 789 00:36:42,999 --> 00:36:44,300 something that is now being looked at by Clinic. This is 790 00:36:44,300 --> 00:36:45,899 looked at by Clinic. This is among children, a very rare 791 00:36:45,899 --> 00:36:47,000 among children, a very rare condition that seems to be 792 00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:48,534 condition that seems to be among children. This is being 793 00:36:48,534 --> 00:36:50,533 among children. This is being looked at globally now, and 794 00:36:50,533 --> 00:36:52,367 looked at globally now, and there will be a case report 795 00:36:52,367 --> 00:36:53,234 there will be a case report from specifically for that so 796 00:36:53,234 --> 00:36:55,000 from specifically for that so that we can collect 797 00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:55,600 that we can collect standardized information and be 798 00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:57,167 standardized information and be able to understand this disease 799 00:36:57,167 --> 00:37:00,333 able to understand this disease further. 800 00:37:01,899 --> 00:37:05,167 Thank you Doctor Thank you next 801 00:37:05,167 --> 00:37:09,466 Thank you Doctor Thank you next question is from a behad. we 802 00:37:09,466 --> 00:37:12,400 question is from a behad. we have online Doha Elsa Haley can 803 00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:15,400 have online Doha Elsa Haley can you please hear can you hear 804 00:37:15,400 --> 00:37:17,399 you please hear can you hear us? Yes. I can hear you can 805 00:37:17,399 --> 00:37:20,999 us? Yes. I can hear you can hear me. please go ahead. yes. 806 00:37:21,400 --> 00:37:24,467 So my about the any promising 807 00:37:24,467 --> 00:37:27,033 So my about the any promising cure or vaccine, especially 808 00:37:27,033 --> 00:37:30,467 cure or vaccine, especially that we heard reports about o 809 00:37:30,467 --> 00:37:32,099 that we heard reports about o negative side effects on 810 00:37:32,099 --> 00:37:35,899 negative side effects on patients who use hydroxyl and 811 00:37:35,899 --> 00:37:39,766 patients who use hydroxyl and now I start on the ryph so any 812 00:37:39,766 --> 00:37:43,167 now I start on the ryph so any updates concerning that. 813 00:38:21,533 --> 00:38:23,133 Progressing preventing 814 00:38:23,133 --> 00:38:24,633 Progressing preventing infection or helping someone 815 00:38:24,633 --> 00:38:26,500 infection or helping someone progress to more severe disease 816 00:38:26,500 --> 00:38:28,199 progress to more severe disease or preventing death. It’s also 817 00:38:28,199 --> 00:38:29,500 or preventing death. It’s also very important that it doesn’t 818 00:38:29,500 --> 00:38:30,934 very important that it doesn’t have side effects so there are 819 00:38:30,934 --> 00:38:32,367 have side effects so there are number of clinical trials 820 00:38:32,367 --> 00:38:35,000 number of clinical trials underway. we have initiated 821 00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,500 underway. we have initiated with partners the solidarity 822 00:38:37,500 --> 00:38:38,966 with partners the solidarity trial which is a clinical trial 823 00:38:38,966 --> 00:38:40,866 trial which is a clinical trial that is evaluating a number of 824 00:38:40,866 --> 00:38:42,533 that is evaluating a number of their Therapeutics, including 825 00:38:42,533 --> 00:38:45,534 their Therapeutics, including remes severe, including chlo 826 00:38:45,534 --> 00:38:48,301 remes severe, including chlo and there are more than 2500 827 00:38:48,301 --> 00:38:49,500 and there are more than 2500 patients that have been 828 00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:50,867 patients that have been enrolled in this clinical 829 00:38:50,867 --> 00:38:53,901 enrolled in this clinical trial. from I think 50. 830 00:38:53,901 --> 00:38:55,900 trial. from I think 50. Countries so far, but there are 831 00:38:55,900 --> 00:38:56,900 Countries so far, but there are more than a hundred countries 832 00:38:56,900 --> 00:38:57,967 more than a hundred countries that are willing to participate 833 00:38:57,967 --> 00:39:00,000 that are willing to participate in this clinical trial, and the 834 00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:01,900 in this clinical trial, and the beauty of this is that by doing 835 00:39:01,900 --> 00:39:04,434 beauty of this is that by doing a clinical trial across 836 00:39:04,434 --> 00:39:05,967 a clinical trial across multiple countries in a across 837 00:39:05,967 --> 00:39:07,299 multiple countries in a across multiple hospitals is that we 838 00:39:07,299 --> 00:39:08,766 multiple hospitals is that we can, we can have enough 839 00:39:08,766 --> 00:39:10,901 can, we can have enough patience to be able to evaluate 840 00:39:10,901 --> 00:39:12,300 patience to be able to evaluate the answer to which drugs are 841 00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:15,034 the answer to which drugs are safe and effective quicker and 842 00:39:15,034 --> 00:39:17,366 safe and effective quicker and so as of right now we don’t 843 00:39:17,366 --> 00:39:19,967 so as of right now we don’t have any drugs that have 844 00:39:19,967 --> 00:39:21,600 have any drugs that have fulfilled all of the criteria 845 00:39:21,600 --> 00:39:22,099 fulfilled all of the criteria through this randomized 846 00:39:22,099 --> 00:39:24,534 through this randomized controlled trials but it is 847 00:39:24,534 --> 00:39:25,667 controlled trials but it is incredible that there are so 848 00:39:25,667 --> 00:39:26,267 incredible that there are so many that are underway and we 849 00:39:26,267 --> 00:39:29,967 many that are underway and we look forward in the. To find 850 00:39:29,967 --> 00:39:31,767 look forward in the. To find out more about which drugs are 851 00:39:31,767 --> 00:39:35,300 out more about which drugs are safe and effective for covid-. 852 00:39:36,433 --> 00:39:39,899 next question is for Antonio 853 00:39:39,899 --> 00:39:42,299 next question is for Antonio from E News agency 854 00:39:42,299 --> 00:39:44,166 from E News agency Spanish-speaking Youth agency 855 00:39:44,166 --> 00:39:47,300 Spanish-speaking Youth agency Antonio 856 00:40:00,433 --> 00:40:04,267 Hello Thank you. 857 00:40:05,399 --> 00:40:07,899 My question is about social 858 00:40:07,899 --> 00:40:13,967 My question is about social distancing measures in the 859 00:40:13,967 --> 00:40:17,433 distancing measures in the opening up phase after lock 860 00:40:17,433 --> 00:40:18,400 opening up phase after lock down do you think we’ll be 861 00:40:18,400 --> 00:40:20,866 down do you think we’ll be going through months or even 862 00:40:20,866 --> 00:40:21,967 going through months or even years before people can 863 00:40:21,967 --> 00:40:24,000 years before people can actually hug or kiss each other 864 00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:25,634 actually hug or kiss each other again or shake their hands even 865 00:40:25,634 --> 00:40:28,833 again or shake their hands even Thank you. 866 00:40:30,299 --> 00:40:32,500 yeah, I think that’s you you 867 00:40:32,500 --> 00:40:36,101 yeah, I think that’s you you reflect our fervent desire of 868 00:40:36,101 --> 00:40:37,400 reflect our fervent desire of all human beings to reconnect 869 00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:39,933 all human beings to reconnect with each other and we share 870 00:40:39,933 --> 00:40:42,566 with each other and we share that sentiment here. we haven’t 871 00:40:42,566 --> 00:40:44,834 that sentiment here. we haven’t shake hands or hugg our friends 872 00:40:44,834 --> 00:40:47,967 shake hands or hugg our friends in 18 weeks either. Oren our 873 00:40:47,967 --> 00:40:50,400 in 18 weeks either. Oren our family some of us and therefore 874 00:40:50,400 --> 00:40:51,967 family some of us and therefore it’s really important that we 875 00:40:51,967 --> 00:40:53,700 it’s really important that we work hard to get back there, 876 00:40:53,700 --> 00:40:55,899 work hard to get back there, but we also we need to be 877 00:40:55,899 --> 00:40:56,333 but we also we need to be careful. We’ve seen what this 878 00:40:56,333 --> 00:40:57,700 careful. We’ve seen what this virus can do in situations 879 00:40:57,700 --> 00:41:04,000 virus can do in situations where. Virus to spread on on on 880 00:41:04,000 --> 00:41:06,000 where. Virus to spread on on on unstuck, So yes, I think there 881 00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:07,800 unstuck, So yes, I think there is a pathway out, and I think 882 00:41:07,800 --> 00:41:08,866 is a pathway out, and I think many countries are taking a 883 00:41:08,866 --> 00:41:11,400 many countries are taking a very careful step wise approach 884 00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:14,434 very careful step wise approach relying on the patient’s and 885 00:41:14,434 --> 00:41:16,167 relying on the patient’s and perseverance of citizens to 886 00:41:16,167 --> 00:41:19,667 perseverance of citizens to continue to suffer. What is a a 887 00:41:19,667 --> 00:41:20,933 continue to suffer. What is a a difficult process, both 888 00:41:20,933 --> 00:41:22,301 difficult process, both socially psychologically and 889 00:41:22,301 --> 00:41:23,800 socially psychologically and economically for many people, 890 00:41:23,800 --> 00:41:25,167 economically for many people, But I think everyone is doing 891 00:41:25,167 --> 00:41:26,000 But I think everyone is doing that because we want to protect 892 00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:30,299 that because we want to protect those we love and. We want to 893 00:41:30,299 --> 00:41:32,133 those we love and. We want to ensure that we end this as 894 00:41:32,133 --> 00:41:35,567 ensure that we end this as quickly as possible so you’ll 895 00:41:35,567 --> 00:41:37,067 quickly as possible so you’ll we’re going to have to monitor 896 00:41:37,067 --> 00:41:38,867 we’re going to have to monitor this very carefully we are and 897 00:41:38,867 --> 00:41:41,367 this very carefully we are and as WHO we are monitoring we’ve 898 00:41:41,367 --> 00:41:43,400 as WHO we are monitoring we’ve we’ve we’ve tried it and it’s 899 00:41:43,400 --> 00:41:44,000 we’ve we’ve tried it and it’s very difficult, but we’ve tried 900 00:41:44,000 --> 00:41:45,767 very difficult, but we’ve tried to work out the whole selection 901 00:41:45,767 --> 00:41:47,367 to work out the whole selection of measures that have been put 902 00:41:47,367 --> 00:41:49,067 of measures that have been put in place by countries and as 903 00:41:49,067 --> 00:41:49,834 in place by countries and as those measures are lifted, 904 00:41:49,834 --> 00:41:50,967 those measures are lifted, we’re looking at which 905 00:41:50,967 --> 00:41:52,033 we’re looking at which countries are taking away, 906 00:41:52,033 --> 00:41:53,367 countries are taking away, which and we will monitor the 907 00:41:53,367 --> 00:41:55,567 which and we will monitor the epidemiology in those countries 908 00:41:55,567 --> 00:41:56,434 epidemiology in those countries and and with them we will look 909 00:41:56,434 --> 00:41:59,600 and and with them we will look at and examine if. Certain 910 00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:01,567 at and examine if. Certain measures as they’re lifted may 911 00:42:01,567 --> 00:42:03,133 measures as they’re lifted may cause a jumping cases, we’ll 912 00:42:03,133 --> 00:42:04,367 cause a jumping cases, we’ll have to think about that again 913 00:42:04,367 --> 00:42:05,899 have to think about that again being the schools is a very 914 00:42:05,899 --> 00:42:07,467 being the schools is a very good example. as people return 915 00:42:07,467 --> 00:42:09,533 good example. as people return to work, I think the thing and 916 00:42:09,533 --> 00:42:11,399 to work, I think the thing and I think we’re seeing is that a 917 00:42:11,399 --> 00:42:13,900 I think we’re seeing is that a careful and measured return to 918 00:42:13,900 --> 00:42:15,600 careful and measured return to those kind of normal activities 919 00:42:15,600 --> 00:42:17,700 those kind of normal activities of work and school, especially 920 00:42:17,700 --> 00:42:20,400 of work and school, especially if they’re done with density 921 00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:21,434 if they’re done with density reduction, physical distance 922 00:42:21,434 --> 00:42:24,433 reduction, physical distance and hygiene in place. it seems 923 00:42:24,433 --> 00:42:25,967 and hygiene in place. it seems to be very prudent and 924 00:42:25,967 --> 00:42:27,000 to be very prudent and practical where we’re going to 925 00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:29,733 practical where we’re going to maybe have to accept a little 926 00:42:29,733 --> 00:42:31,634 maybe have to accept a little bit more time is going to be 927 00:42:31,634 --> 00:42:32,400 bit more time is going to be around Mass gatherings things 928 00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:35,234 around Mass gatherings things like large scale gatherings. 929 00:42:35,234 --> 00:42:36,567 like large scale gatherings. Are coming into the summer time 930 00:42:36,567 --> 00:42:38,199 Are coming into the summer time in Europe and in North America 931 00:42:38,199 --> 00:42:41,566 in Europe and in North America and other places in in in Asia, 932 00:42:41,566 --> 00:42:43,667 and other places in in in Asia, and this is the time when 933 00:42:43,667 --> 00:42:45,399 and this is the time when people gather on Mass. We go to 934 00:42:45,399 --> 00:42:47,967 people gather on Mass. We go to big events and it’s going to be 935 00:42:47,967 --> 00:42:51,000 big events and it’s going to be much more difficult to make 936 00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:53,700 much more difficult to make those perfectly safe and and 937 00:42:53,700 --> 00:42:55,334 those perfectly safe and and life is life. There’s no zero 938 00:42:55,334 --> 00:42:57,934 life is life. There’s no zero risk. we all we all have to we 939 00:42:57,934 --> 00:42:59,700 risk. we all we all have to we do it every day. We manage the 940 00:42:59,700 --> 00:43:00,800 do it every day. We manage the risks in our lives and what we 941 00:43:00,800 --> 00:43:02,833 risks in our lives and what we need to do collectively is 942 00:43:02,833 --> 00:43:03,433 need to do collectively is reduce the risks Associated 943 00:43:03,433 --> 00:43:04,933 reduce the risks Associated with cold with transmission to 944 00:43:04,933 --> 00:43:08,400 with cold with transmission to an absolute minimum. 945 00:43:09,299 --> 00:43:10,799 And then recognize what risk is 946 00:43:10,799 --> 00:43:12,299 And then recognize what risk is left and be able to mitigate 947 00:43:12,299 --> 00:43:15,700 left and be able to mitigate that risk and we would at this 948 00:43:15,700 --> 00:43:19,099 that risk and we would at this point in countries where we see 949 00:43:19,099 --> 00:43:20,566 point in countries where we see downward trends and disease 950 00:43:20,566 --> 00:43:22,033 downward trends and disease where we see a strong public 951 00:43:22,033 --> 00:43:23,533 where we see a strong public health surveillance in place 952 00:43:23,533 --> 00:43:25,567 health surveillance in place where we see a health care 953 00:43:25,567 --> 00:43:27,167 where we see a health care system that’s capable of 954 00:43:27,167 --> 00:43:29,334 system that’s capable of treating cases where we see a 955 00:43:29,334 --> 00:43:31,601 treating cases where we see a committed community willing to 956 00:43:31,601 --> 00:43:33,600 committed community willing to continue with personal and 957 00:43:33,600 --> 00:43:34,266 continue with personal and community measures. I believe 958 00:43:34,266 --> 00:43:37,899 community measures. I believe there’s a path out 959 00:43:37,899 --> 00:43:37,933 there’s a path out But 960 00:43:37,933 --> 00:43:41,667 But it may involve schools or 961 00:43:41,667 --> 00:43:44,033 But it may involve schools or school opening passion 962 00:43:44,033 --> 00:43:44,799 school opening passion workplace opening those working 963 00:43:44,799 --> 00:43:45,833 workplace opening those working from home that can those that 964 00:43:45,833 --> 00:43:47,899 from home that can those that need to go to work being 965 00:43:47,899 --> 00:43:51,133 need to go to work being properly protected in place and 966 00:43:51,133 --> 00:43:52,367 properly protected in place and especially those people who 967 00:43:52,367 --> 00:43:53,767 especially those people who have to work in high density 968 00:43:53,767 --> 00:43:55,034 have to work in high density conditions. We have to make 969 00:43:55,034 --> 00:43:56,400 conditions. We have to make special provisions for their 970 00:43:56,400 --> 00:43:59,867 special provisions for their occupational health and safety. 971 00:43:59,867 --> 00:44:01,267 occupational health and safety. then we have to look very 972 00:44:01,267 --> 00:44:02,867 then we have to look very carefully at events that bring 973 00:44:02,867 --> 00:44:05,700 carefully at events that bring people together on Mass and see 974 00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:07,200 people together on Mass and see how best we can bring. For 975 00:44:07,200 --> 00:44:08,233 how best we can bring. For example, we spoke to the last 976 00:44:08,233 --> 00:44:11,034 example, we spoke to the last day about football and other 977 00:44:11,034 --> 00:44:14,033 day about football and other spectator sports. The sports 978 00:44:14,033 --> 00:44:15,967 spectator sports. The sports can start again, but the 979 00:44:15,967 --> 00:44:17,067 can start again, but the spectators may have to stay 980 00:44:17,067 --> 00:44:18,966 spectators may have to stay away for a little bit longer. 981 00:44:18,966 --> 00:44:20,867 away for a little bit longer. so and I think everyone has a 982 00:44:20,867 --> 00:44:21,833 so and I think everyone has a stake in this. This isn’t just 983 00:44:21,833 --> 00:44:23,899 stake in this. This isn’t just the purview of scientists. 984 00:44:23,899 --> 00:44:25,400 the purview of scientists. This. this is a dialogue with 985 00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:26,867 This. this is a dialogue with communities. This isn’t just 986 00:44:26,867 --> 00:44:28,367 communities. This isn’t just science spitting out orders 987 00:44:28,367 --> 00:44:30,434 science spitting out orders that are implemented by people. 988 00:44:30,434 --> 00:44:32,534 that are implemented by people. There is community activities 989 00:44:32,534 --> 00:44:33,700 There is community activities and social life is a dynamic 990 00:44:33,700 --> 00:44:35,934 and social life is a dynamic process, and there needs to be 991 00:44:35,934 --> 00:44:37,567 process, and there needs to be a good dialogue and that we 992 00:44:37,567 --> 00:44:40,199 a good dialogue and that we need to have that at National 993 00:44:40,199 --> 00:44:41,433 need to have that at National level. We need to have that 994 00:44:41,433 --> 00:44:41,967 level. We need to have that provincial level that it needs 995 00:44:41,967 --> 00:44:42,634 provincial level that it needs to be headed local level 996 00:44:42,634 --> 00:44:45,467 to be headed local level communities are very often. 997 00:44:45,467 --> 00:44:48,900 communities are very often. Best Place to look at what’s 998 00:44:48,900 --> 00:44:50,233 Best Place to look at what’s important and what’s relevant 999 00:44:50,233 --> 00:44:53,234 important and what’s relevant for them but always with risk 1000 00:44:53,234 --> 00:44:54,400 for them but always with risk in mind and listening to the 1001 00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:55,599 in mind and listening to the science and listening to the 1002 00:44:55,599 --> 00:44:57,834 science and listening to the public health advice. So yes, 1003 00:44:57,834 --> 00:44:59,399 public health advice. So yes, I’m I’ve been longing to do my 1004 00:44:59,399 --> 00:45:00,334 I’m I’ve been longing to do my response because I think the 1005 00:45:00,334 --> 00:45:02,433 response because I think the issue is so important. There is 1006 00:45:02,433 --> 00:45:05,367 issue is so important. There is a path out, but we must remain 1007 00:45:05,367 --> 00:45:08,033 a path out, but we must remain ever vigilant and we may have 1008 00:45:08,033 --> 00:45:09,400 ever vigilant and we may have to have a significant 1009 00:45:09,400 --> 00:45:12,766 to have a significant alteration to our lifestyles 1010 00:45:12,766 --> 00:45:15,833 alteration to our lifestyles until. We get to a point where 1011 00:45:15,833 --> 00:45:18,600 until. We get to a point where we have an effective vaccine or 1012 00:45:18,600 --> 00:45:21,133 we have an effective vaccine or an effective treatments but 1013 00:45:21,133 --> 00:45:24,000 an effective treatments but that doesn’t mean it’s it’s all 1014 00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:26,799 that doesn’t mean it’s it’s all bad. I mean we’ve seen some 1015 00:45:26,799 --> 00:45:27,833 bad. I mean we’ve seen some benefits to our environment. 1016 00:45:27,833 --> 00:45:29,599 benefits to our environment. We’ve seen some benefits to our 1017 00:45:29,599 --> 00:45:31,000 We’ve seen some benefits to our connectedness strangely enough, 1018 00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:32,134 connectedness strangely enough, even though we’ve been 1019 00:45:32,134 --> 00:45:33,433 even though we’ve been disconnected physically, I 1020 00:45:33,433 --> 00:45:34,933 disconnected physically, I think many of us have 1021 00:45:34,933 --> 00:45:36,099 think many of us have recognized how important those 1022 00:45:36,099 --> 00:45:38,666 recognized how important those connections are so I think we 1023 00:45:38,666 --> 00:45:40,633 connections are so I think we need to move forward 1024 00:45:40,633 --> 00:45:41,434 need to move forward recognizing that it’s it’s been 1025 00:45:41,434 --> 00:45:45,167 recognizing that it’s it’s been and is and will be. 1026 00:46:19,766 --> 00:46:23,133 Until everybody’s safe 1027 00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:26,566 Thank you we can take a couple 1028 00:46:26,566 --> 00:46:29,199 Thank you we can take a couple of more questions. maybe before 1029 00:46:29,199 --> 00:46:31,499 of more questions. maybe before we conclude that now we go to 1030 00:46:31,499 --> 00:46:37,233 we conclude that now we go to India News of India with Ajit. 1031 00:46:37,833 --> 00:46:40,233 Yeah. Thank you. Thank you so 1032 00:46:40,233 --> 00:46:43,133 Yeah. Thank you. Thank you so much my question to that. Is 1033 00:46:43,133 --> 00:46:45,634 much my question to that. Is there any study any experiment 1034 00:46:45,634 --> 00:46:48,334 there any study any experiment or any elaborate research that 1035 00:46:48,334 --> 00:46:50,000 or any elaborate research that what is the template range that 1036 00:46:50,000 --> 00:46:53,534 what is the template range that this virus can survive within 1037 00:46:53,534 --> 00:46:55,100 this virus can survive within the human body, as well as in 1038 00:46:55,100 --> 00:46:58,800 the human body, as well as in the open environment. 1039 00:47:34,333 --> 00:47:36,967 Is that the virus if it is on 1040 00:47:36,967 --> 00:47:38,633 Is that the virus if it is on the surface, can be an 1041 00:47:38,633 --> 00:47:41,200 the surface, can be an activated can be killed with 1042 00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:42,767 activated can be killed with disinfectants in a matter of 1043 00:47:42,767 --> 00:47:43,933 disinfectants in a matter of minutes and that’s that that is 1044 00:47:43,933 --> 00:47:46,400 minutes and that’s that that is important and it’s important 1045 00:47:46,400 --> 00:47:49,333 important and it’s important that people know that because 1046 00:47:49,333 --> 00:47:50,033 that people know that because if they do touch the surface 1047 00:47:50,033 --> 00:47:51,167 if they do touch the surface that is contaminated, they can 1048 00:47:51,167 --> 00:47:53,301 that is contaminated, they can wash their hands or use an 1049 00:47:53,301 --> 00:47:55,501 wash their hands or use an alcohol-based rub and protect 1050 00:47:55,501 --> 00:47:56,599 alcohol-based rub and protect themselves or they can clean 1051 00:47:56,599 --> 00:47:58,234 themselves or they can clean their surfaces regularly. So 1052 00:47:58,234 --> 00:47:59,100 their surfaces regularly. So it’s important that surfaces 1053 00:47:59,100 --> 00:48:00,334 it’s important that surfaces are cleaned regularly and that 1054 00:48:00,334 --> 00:48:00,999 are cleaned regularly and that you wash your hands, but I’ll 1055 00:48:00,999 --> 00:48:01,767 you wash your hands, but I’ll have to get back to you on the 1056 00:48:01,767 --> 00:48:04,901 have to get back to you on the specifics of the tempo. And 1057 00:48:04,901 --> 00:48:06,567 specifics of the tempo. And humidity, and I just I think 1058 00:48:06,567 --> 00:48:08,300 humidity, and I just I think one important point because you 1059 00:48:08,300 --> 00:48:10,400 one important point because you mentioned two things one about 1060 00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:11,100 mentioned two things one about environmental situations and 1061 00:48:11,100 --> 00:48:12,934 environmental situations and you also mentioned body 1062 00:48:12,934 --> 00:48:15,567 you also mentioned body temperature and body 1063 00:48:15,567 --> 00:48:17,933 temperature and body temperature. is this is 1064 00:48:17,933 --> 00:48:19,399 temperature. is this is important for people in terms 1065 00:48:19,399 --> 00:48:22,433 important for people in terms of because I’ve heard various 1066 00:48:22,433 --> 00:48:23,834 of because I’ve heard various stories about the people saying 1067 00:48:23,834 --> 00:48:25,167 stories about the people saying that it’s important to be very 1068 00:48:25,167 --> 00:48:27,533 that it’s important to be very half or be very cold. This is 1069 00:48:27,533 --> 00:48:30,033 half or be very cold. This is no impact on the virus and 1070 00:48:30,033 --> 00:48:30,900 no impact on the virus and viruses and infectious diseases 1071 00:48:30,900 --> 00:48:31,967 viruses and infectious diseases caused people to have fevers 1072 00:48:31,967 --> 00:48:36,000 caused people to have fevers and. Often, it’s the it’s the 1073 00:48:36,000 --> 00:48:37,566 and. Often, it’s the it’s the breakdown products of the virus 1074 00:48:37,566 --> 00:48:39,067 breakdown products of the virus or the immune response to trick 1075 00:48:39,067 --> 00:48:43,100 or the immune response to trick the body into into into being 1076 00:48:43,100 --> 00:48:45,899 the body into into into being hot and having a temperature in 1077 00:48:45,899 --> 00:48:48,033 hot and having a temperature in itself is not necessarily a bad 1078 00:48:48,033 --> 00:48:50,233 itself is not necessarily a bad thing but also that temperature 1079 00:48:50,233 --> 00:48:51,933 thing but also that temperature has to be carefully monitored, 1080 00:48:51,933 --> 00:48:53,633 has to be carefully monitored, especially in children, so the 1081 00:48:53,633 --> 00:48:54,300 especially in children, so the idea that one should have a 1082 00:48:54,300 --> 00:48:55,934 idea that one should have a very high temperature and 1083 00:48:55,934 --> 00:48:56,833 very high temperature and that’s helping to get rid of 1084 00:48:56,833 --> 00:48:59,433 that’s helping to get rid of the virus is not true. the the 1085 00:48:59,433 --> 00:49:00,133 the virus is not true. the the body is responding to the 1086 00:49:00,133 --> 00:49:01,033 body is responding to the viruses present equally the 1087 00:49:01,033 --> 00:49:04,334 viruses present equally the idea that you. To call someone 1088 00:49:04,334 --> 00:49:05,967 idea that you. To call someone down and to get rid of the 1089 00:49:05,967 --> 00:49:07,300 down and to get rid of the virus is not true, but there 1090 00:49:07,300 --> 00:49:08,833 virus is not true, but there are certain situations where 1091 00:49:08,833 --> 00:49:10,334 are certain situations where there’s a high temperature and 1092 00:49:10,334 --> 00:49:11,700 there’s a high temperature and it’s important for doctors and 1093 00:49:11,700 --> 00:49:13,567 it’s important for doctors and nurses to get the temperature 1094 00:49:13,567 --> 00:49:14,766 nurses to get the temperature down because very high 1095 00:49:14,766 --> 00:49:16,267 down because very high temperatures. I mean very high 1096 00:49:16,267 --> 00:49:17,901 temperatures. I mean very high temperatures can be Associated 1097 00:49:17,901 --> 00:49:19,034 temperatures can be Associated with convulsions and other 1098 00:49:19,034 --> 00:49:21,634 with convulsions and other effects so the monitoring and 1099 00:49:21,634 --> 00:49:22,033 effects so the monitoring and the management of temperature 1100 00:49:22,033 --> 00:49:24,000 the management of temperature in a person who’s got an 1101 00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:26,133 in a person who’s got an illness is very important, and 1102 00:49:26,133 --> 00:49:27,433 illness is very important, and it’s very important that 1103 00:49:27,433 --> 00:49:29,233 it’s very important that clinicians can manage a very 1104 00:49:29,233 --> 00:49:30,534 clinicians can manage a very high temperature, but the idea 1105 00:49:30,534 --> 00:49:31,967 high temperature, but the idea that temperature itself is 1106 00:49:31,967 --> 00:49:34,634 that temperature itself is affecting the way the. Virus 1107 00:49:34,634 --> 00:49:37,133 affecting the way the. Virus will behave in the body is not 1108 00:49:37,133 --> 00:49:38,500 will behave in the body is not true, so people managing 1109 00:49:38,500 --> 00:49:40,366 true, so people managing themselves by trying to make 1110 00:49:40,366 --> 00:49:40,934 themselves by trying to make themselves very cold or make 1111 00:49:40,934 --> 00:49:43,434 themselves very cold or make some very hot. We will not 1112 00:49:43,434 --> 00:49:45,233 some very hot. We will not affect the process of the virus 1113 00:49:45,233 --> 00:49:48,433 affect the process of the virus in your body, but managing the 1114 00:49:48,433 --> 00:49:49,899 in your body, but managing the temperature is very important 1115 00:49:49,899 --> 00:49:50,634 temperature is very important for the outcome for the 1116 00:49:50,634 --> 00:49:53,833 for the outcome for the patient. 1117 00:49:54,901 --> 00:49:57,433 Maybe we go to the last 1118 00:49:57,433 --> 00:49:59,467 Maybe we go to the last question that would be a 1119 00:49:59,467 --> 00:50:02,000 question that would be a political and it’s a Carlo who 1120 00:50:02,000 --> 00:50:06,967 political and it’s a Carlo who is with us tonight. Carla yes. 1121 00:50:06,967 --> 00:50:09,433 is with us tonight. Carla yes. Hello. Thank you for taking my 1122 00:50:09,433 --> 00:50:10,433 Hello. Thank you for taking my question. I had a question 1123 00:50:10,433 --> 00:50:13,700 question. I had a question about the different rates of 1124 00:50:13,700 --> 00:50:16,366 about the different rates of the virus. geographically I’ve 1125 00:50:16,366 --> 00:50:18,967 the virus. geographically I’ve for example, even in Europe, we 1126 00:50:18,967 --> 00:50:21,000 for example, even in Europe, we see very different rates in 1127 00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:22,099 see very different rates in Europe versus Western Europe 1128 00:50:22,099 --> 00:50:24,966 Europe versus Western Europe and sometimes even within. Same 1129 00:50:24,966 --> 00:50:27,199 and sometimes even within. Same country, for example, the North 1130 00:50:27,199 --> 00:50:28,934 country, for example, the North of Italy versus the South of 1131 00:50:28,934 --> 00:50:31,233 of Italy versus the South of Italy. do we have any idea? 1132 00:50:31,233 --> 00:50:33,067 Italy. do we have any idea? what’s causing this extreme 1133 00:50:33,067 --> 00:50:35,233 what’s causing this extreme variability even in small 1134 00:50:35,233 --> 00:50:38,466 variability even in small geographies? 1135 00:50:40,101 --> 00:50:40,834 if that was the last question 1136 00:50:40,834 --> 00:50:43,833 if that was the last question we could be here all night 1137 00:50:43,833 --> 00:50:48,033 we could be here all night because you know it’s and it’s 1138 00:50:48,033 --> 00:50:48,900 because you know it’s and it’s an important question, but it’s 1139 00:50:48,900 --> 00:50:50,234 an important question, but it’s not one that one can answer in 1140 00:50:50,234 --> 00:50:52,000 not one that one can answer in a single sentence or and the 1141 00:50:52,000 --> 00:50:53,633 a single sentence or and the number of sentences, but it 1142 00:50:53,633 --> 00:50:54,833 number of sentences, but it does go to the heart of some of 1143 00:50:54,833 --> 00:50:56,567 does go to the heart of some of the issues Associated with the 1144 00:50:56,567 --> 00:50:58,134 the issues Associated with the transmission of this virus. I 1145 00:50:58,134 --> 00:51:00,333 transmission of this virus. I mean, obviously the virus 1146 00:51:00,333 --> 00:51:01,500 mean, obviously the virus transmits in different 1147 00:51:01,500 --> 00:51:03,167 transmits in different situations with different 1148 00:51:03,167 --> 00:51:04,567 situations with different degrees of intensity and what 1149 00:51:04,567 --> 00:51:05,700 degrees of intensity and what we’ve seen in Mass gatherings 1150 00:51:05,700 --> 00:51:06,434 we’ve seen in Mass gatherings or situations where people have 1151 00:51:06,434 --> 00:51:07,967 or situations where people have been pulled together in large 1152 00:51:07,967 --> 00:51:08,800 been pulled together in large groups, we can see an 1153 00:51:08,800 --> 00:51:09,933 groups, we can see an amplification of disease that 1154 00:51:09,933 --> 00:51:13,434 amplification of disease that Conde disease. The community 1155 00:51:13,434 --> 00:51:14,833 Conde disease. The community very quickly therefore, 1156 00:51:14,833 --> 00:51:18,334 very quickly therefore, generating a very large wave of 1157 00:51:18,334 --> 00:51:20,467 generating a very large wave of infection and and in some 1158 00:51:20,467 --> 00:51:21,600 infection and and in some situations we have very small 1159 00:51:21,600 --> 00:51:23,100 situations we have very small waves and the the number of 1160 00:51:23,100 --> 00:51:24,967 waves and the the number of infected builds up more slowly 1161 00:51:24,967 --> 00:51:27,901 infected builds up more slowly and that can that can occur 1162 00:51:27,901 --> 00:51:28,967 and that can that can occur because of a particular type of 1163 00:51:28,967 --> 00:51:30,600 because of a particular type of event that’s sort of triggers 1164 00:51:30,600 --> 00:51:32,300 event that’s sort of triggers the transmission and a large 1165 00:51:32,300 --> 00:51:33,334 the transmission and a large number of people in the 1166 00:51:33,334 --> 00:51:34,667 number of people in the community at one time, but it 1167 00:51:34,667 --> 00:51:35,899 community at one time, but it can also happen because of the 1168 00:51:35,899 --> 00:51:36,634 can also happen because of the conditions of the community 1169 00:51:36,634 --> 00:51:38,367 conditions of the community live in the number of people 1170 00:51:38,367 --> 00:51:39,300 live in the number of people who live in a household can 1171 00:51:39,300 --> 00:51:42,901 who live in a household can often affect us. The 1172 00:51:42,901 --> 00:51:44,466 often affect us. The transmission of for example 1173 00:51:44,466 --> 00:51:46,000 transmission of for example disease in somewhere like 1174 00:51:46,000 --> 00:51:48,100 disease in somewhere like Sweden versus somewhere like 1175 00:51:48,100 --> 00:51:49,334 Sweden versus somewhere like Italy made just as much be 1176 00:51:49,334 --> 00:51:50,900 Italy made just as much be affected by the fact that 50 1177 00:51:50,900 --> 00:51:52,567 affected by the fact that 50 percent Swedish people live 1178 00:51:52,567 --> 00:51:53,867 percent Swedish people live alone in the apartments are 1179 00:51:53,867 --> 00:51:54,967 alone in the apartments are living in apartments of less 1180 00:51:54,967 --> 00:51:56,567 living in apartments of less than two people where as many 1181 00:51:56,567 --> 00:51:58,233 than two people where as many people in this socially live in 1182 00:51:58,233 --> 00:52:01,434 people in this socially live in much larger households that I’m 1183 00:52:01,434 --> 00:52:03,133 much larger households that I’m not saying that’s the reason, 1184 00:52:03,133 --> 00:52:04,433 not saying that’s the reason, but you have to look at 1185 00:52:04,433 --> 00:52:05,767 but you have to look at population density. you have to 1186 00:52:05,767 --> 00:52:06,766 population density. you have to look at the way people live. 1187 00:52:06,766 --> 00:52:07,967 look at the way people live. you have to look at the way 1188 00:52:07,967 --> 00:52:12,366 you have to look at the way they interact and And that may 1189 00:52:12,366 --> 00:52:14,099 they interact and And that may be affecting the way disease is 1190 00:52:14,099 --> 00:52:16,400 be affecting the way disease is transmitted in in in many 1191 00:52:16,400 --> 00:52:17,833 transmitted in in in many countries, you have to look at 1192 00:52:17,833 --> 00:52:19,567 countries, you have to look at the way in which people use 1193 00:52:19,567 --> 00:52:20,334 the way in which people use public transport and use 1194 00:52:20,334 --> 00:52:22,000 public transport and use transit if if if the large 1195 00:52:22,000 --> 00:52:24,566 transit if if if the large proportion of people are using 1196 00:52:24,566 --> 00:52:25,767 proportion of people are using overcrowded transit in the 1197 00:52:25,767 --> 00:52:27,233 overcrowded transit in the Middle of a respiratory 1198 00:52:27,233 --> 00:52:28,501 Middle of a respiratory epidemic, you will see more 1199 00:52:28,501 --> 00:52:29,500 epidemic, you will see more transmission so you could look 1200 00:52:29,500 --> 00:52:32,366 transmission so you could look at any number of factors 1201 00:52:32,366 --> 00:52:33,933 at any number of factors population mobility between 1202 00:52:33,933 --> 00:52:35,433 population mobility between areas in some countries. 1203 00:52:35,433 --> 00:52:37,566 areas in some countries. mobility between areas is not 1204 00:52:37,566 --> 00:52:39,334 mobility between areas is not very high in other countries. 1205 00:52:39,334 --> 00:52:41,366 very high in other countries. mobility long range commuting 1206 00:52:41,366 --> 00:52:42,099 mobility long range commuting is become very common in 1207 00:52:42,099 --> 00:52:42,767 is become very common in Europe, for example, some 1208 00:52:42,767 --> 00:52:45,534 Europe, for example, some unusual to find people. 1209 00:52:45,534 --> 00:52:46,700 unusual to find people. Commuting between countries to 1210 00:52:46,700 --> 00:52:51,967 Commuting between countries to go to work so social economic 1211 00:52:51,967 --> 00:52:53,666 go to work so social economic behavioral patterns can affect 1212 00:52:53,666 --> 00:52:55,600 behavioral patterns can affect the way in which disease spread 1213 00:52:55,600 --> 00:52:57,433 the way in which disease spread population density and 1214 00:52:57,433 --> 00:52:58,833 population density and population behavior, social 1215 00:52:58,833 --> 00:53:01,767 population behavior, social norms and and and the way we 1216 00:53:01,767 --> 00:53:05,033 norms and and and the way we live our lives in general and 1217 00:53:05,033 --> 00:53:06,566 live our lives in general and there are differences right 1218 00:53:06,566 --> 00:53:08,733 there are differences right now, as I said before between 1219 00:53:08,733 --> 00:53:09,467 now, as I said before between Western Europe, which has been 1220 00:53:09,467 --> 00:53:11,367 Western Europe, which has been through that first big wave and 1221 00:53:11,367 --> 00:53:12,133 through that first big wave and Eastern Europe, particularly 1222 00:53:12,133 --> 00:53:14,867 Eastern Europe, particularly the Russian Federation that is. 1223 00:53:14,867 --> 00:53:17,433 the Russian Federation that is. And that is now experiencing 1224 00:53:17,433 --> 00:53:19,867 And that is now experiencing higher numbers of disease and 1225 00:53:19,867 --> 00:53:21,334 higher numbers of disease and and I was answering the 1226 00:53:21,334 --> 00:53:22,567 and I was answering the question previously about 1227 00:53:22,567 --> 00:53:25,833 question previously about Russia. I forgotten to say that 1228 00:53:25,833 --> 00:53:29,033 Russia. I forgotten to say that that nearly been have about 1229 00:53:29,033 --> 00:53:31,233 that nearly been have about 450000 tests carried out in 1230 00:53:31,233 --> 00:53:34,566 450000 tests carried out in Russia, which is puts it about 1231 00:53:34,566 --> 00:53:35,767 Russia, which is puts it about when you do it for the number 1232 00:53:35,767 --> 00:53:37,633 when you do it for the number of tests per million population 1233 00:53:37,633 --> 00:53:39,000 of tests per million population is around 30000 per million, 1234 00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:41,433 is around 30000 per million, which of the 57 countries in 1235 00:53:41,433 --> 00:53:42,367 which of the 57 countries in European region of WHO puts 1236 00:53:42,367 --> 00:53:45,966 European region of WHO puts Russia about the tenth. Of all 1237 00:53:45,966 --> 00:53:48,700 Russia about the tenth. Of all the rates of test and the 1238 00:53:48,700 --> 00:53:50,834 the rates of test and the positivity race is about three 1239 00:53:50,834 --> 00:53:52,334 positivity race is about three point six percent, which again 1240 00:53:52,334 --> 00:53:54,966 point six percent, which again is quite low compared to the 1241 00:53:54,966 --> 00:53:55,567 is quite low compared to the positivity rates in other 1242 00:53:55,567 --> 00:53:56,833 positivity rates in other countries. So in that sense, 1243 00:53:56,833 --> 00:53:59,400 countries. So in that sense, just to follow up on the 1244 00:53:59,400 --> 00:54:01,867 just to follow up on the previous question. the number 1245 00:54:01,867 --> 00:54:03,433 previous question. the number of deaths also remains very low 1246 00:54:03,433 --> 00:54:05,034 of deaths also remains very low proportion of the overall cases 1247 00:54:05,034 --> 00:54:08,934 proportion of the overall cases for the Russian Federation. so 1248 00:54:08,934 --> 00:54:10,567 for the Russian Federation. so but you see that you can 1249 00:54:10,567 --> 00:54:12,200 but you see that you can clearly see that the number of 1250 00:54:12,200 --> 00:54:12,800 clearly see that the number of cases has risen to some are 1251 00:54:12,800 --> 00:54:13,567 cases has risen to some are like what what we have to be 1252 00:54:13,567 --> 00:54:14,567 like what what we have to be very careful of is that the the 1253 00:54:14,567 --> 00:54:18,867 very careful of is that the the debt to. And with those with 1254 00:54:18,867 --> 00:54:22,000 debt to. And with those with those cases the other factors 1255 00:54:22,000 --> 00:54:23,433 those cases the other factors around the world, I was 1256 00:54:23,433 --> 00:54:24,933 around the world, I was speaking in the European 1257 00:54:24,933 --> 00:54:27,100 speaking in the European context there so many of the 1258 00:54:27,100 --> 00:54:29,766 context there so many of the factors driving the risk of 1259 00:54:29,766 --> 00:54:31,700 factors driving the risk of transmission in in in countries 1260 00:54:31,700 --> 00:54:32,933 transmission in in in countries the degree of compliance with 1261 00:54:32,933 --> 00:54:35,067 the degree of compliance with public health and social 1262 00:54:35,067 --> 00:54:37,833 public health and social measures the availability of 1263 00:54:37,833 --> 00:54:39,000 measures the availability of effective public health 1264 00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:40,533 effective public health response like contact tracing 1265 00:54:40,533 --> 00:54:42,967 response like contact tracing we’ve seen countries where 1266 00:54:42,967 --> 00:54:43,766 we’ve seen countries where we’ve been very systematic with 1267 00:54:43,766 --> 00:54:45,700 we’ve been very systematic with a very comprehensive strategy. 1268 00:54:45,700 --> 00:54:46,500 a very comprehensive strategy. I think of countries like New 1269 00:54:46,500 --> 00:54:49,433 I think of countries like New Zealand who really done a lot. 1270 00:54:49,433 --> 00:54:51,900 Zealand who really done a lot. They’ve gone from public health 1271 00:54:51,900 --> 00:54:53,467 They’ve gone from public health measures to a very great 1272 00:54:53,467 --> 00:54:55,333 measures to a very great response to very systematic 1273 00:54:55,333 --> 00:54:56,899 response to very systematic case finding and contacting to 1274 00:54:56,899 --> 00:54:58,600 case finding and contacting to a higher rate of testing when 1275 00:54:58,600 --> 00:55:00,233 a higher rate of testing when those all of those factors have 1276 00:55:00,233 --> 00:55:02,533 those all of those factors have been put together, the disease 1277 00:55:02,533 --> 00:55:04,899 been put together, the disease tends to be more controllable 1278 00:55:04,899 --> 00:55:06,499 tends to be more controllable so disease epidemiology is 1279 00:55:06,499 --> 00:55:08,000 so disease epidemiology is driven by the natural history 1280 00:55:08,000 --> 00:55:09,233 driven by the natural history of the virus. It’s driven by 1281 00:55:09,233 --> 00:55:11,666 of the virus. It’s driven by human behavior and it’s 1282 00:55:11,666 --> 00:55:12,167 human behavior and it’s obviously affected by the 1283 00:55:12,167 --> 00:55:13,333 obviously affected by the public health or the health 1284 00:55:13,333 --> 00:55:15,334 public health or the health response to the virus. So it’s 1285 00:55:15,334 --> 00:55:16,133 response to the virus. So it’s very hard to make hard and fast 1286 00:55:16,133 --> 00:55:19,366 very hard to make hard and fast rules for what happens in any. 1287 00:55:19,366 --> 00:55:21,899 rules for what happens in any. Country Maria Thanks, I just 1288 00:55:21,899 --> 00:55:24,501 Country Maria Thanks, I just wanna touch upon one one aspect 1289 00:55:24,501 --> 00:55:26,300 wanna touch upon one one aspect of this the viruses transmitted 1290 00:55:26,300 --> 00:55:27,534 of this the viruses transmitted through the respiratory. It’s 1291 00:55:27,534 --> 00:55:29,434 through the respiratory. It’s transmitted through infectious 1292 00:55:29,434 --> 00:55:30,433 transmitted through infectious droplets from an infected 1293 00:55:30,433 --> 00:55:32,399 droplets from an infected person to another individual 1294 00:55:32,399 --> 00:55:33,634 person to another individual who’s in close proximity to 1295 00:55:33,634 --> 00:55:35,467 who’s in close proximity to that person without wearing 1296 00:55:35,467 --> 00:55:37,600 that person without wearing protective gear or through 1297 00:55:37,600 --> 00:55:39,234 protective gear or through contaminated surfaces, where 1298 00:55:39,234 --> 00:55:39,800 contaminated surfaces, where you touch a contaminated 1299 00:55:39,800 --> 00:55:41,700 you touch a contaminated surface and you inoculate 1300 00:55:41,700 --> 00:55:42,400 surface and you inoculate yourself through touching of 1301 00:55:42,400 --> 00:55:44,499 yourself through touching of your eyes or your nose or your 1302 00:55:44,499 --> 00:55:45,967 your eyes or your nose or your mouth, The parameter that we 1303 00:55:45,967 --> 00:55:47,733 mouth, The parameter that we look at to really evaluate how 1304 00:55:47,733 --> 00:55:49,967 look at to really evaluate how fast and how quickly this fires 1305 00:55:49,967 --> 00:55:50,700 fast and how quickly this fires could spread. It’s called the 1306 00:55:50,700 --> 00:55:51,333 could spread. It’s called the reproduction number and that 1307 00:55:51,333 --> 00:55:55,933 reproduction number and that number. The average number of 1308 00:55:55,933 --> 00:55:57,967 number. The average number of one infected person individual 1309 00:55:57,967 --> 00:56:00,867 one infected person individual will infect if that number is 1310 00:56:00,867 --> 00:56:02,433 will infect if that number is above one, then the virus can 1311 00:56:02,433 --> 00:56:03,566 above one, then the virus can take off and you can have an 1312 00:56:03,566 --> 00:56:05,967 take off and you can have an epidemic if that reproduction 1313 00:56:05,967 --> 00:56:07,733 epidemic if that reproduction number is below one. it will 1314 00:56:07,733 --> 00:56:09,266 number is below one. it will die out and so what we’re 1315 00:56:09,266 --> 00:56:10,699 die out and so what we’re looking at in a number of 1316 00:56:10,699 --> 00:56:12,101 looking at in a number of countries is that they’re 1317 00:56:12,101 --> 00:56:13,067 countries is that they’re constantly evaluating is what 1318 00:56:13,067 --> 00:56:15,500 constantly evaluating is what is the reproduction number and 1319 00:56:15,500 --> 00:56:16,901 is the reproduction number and they call that the time Ving 1320 00:56:16,901 --> 00:56:19,833 they call that the time Ving reproduction number. that 1321 00:56:19,833 --> 00:56:21,133 reproduction number. that number is context specific as 1322 00:56:21,133 --> 00:56:24,533 number is context specific as Mike was saying if you prevent. 1323 00:56:24,533 --> 00:56:26,600 Mike was saying if you prevent. People from coming in contact 1324 00:56:26,600 --> 00:56:30,800 People from coming in contact with one another if you isolate 1325 00:56:30,800 --> 00:56:32,033 with one another if you isolate known contacts so that they 1326 00:56:32,033 --> 00:56:33,733 known contacts so that they don’t have the opportunity to 1327 00:56:33,733 --> 00:56:35,067 don’t have the opportunity to be in contact with someone 1328 00:56:35,067 --> 00:56:37,566 be in contact with someone else. If you find the context 1329 00:56:37,566 --> 00:56:38,834 else. If you find the context and you quarantine those 1330 00:56:38,834 --> 00:56:41,299 and you quarantine those context and they do become 1331 00:56:41,299 --> 00:56:42,499 context and they do become cases, they don’t have the 1332 00:56:42,499 --> 00:56:44,000 cases, they don’t have the opportunity to infect other 1333 00:56:44,000 --> 00:56:45,600 opportunity to infect other people. you actually break the 1334 00:56:45,600 --> 00:56:47,067 people. you actually break the chain of transmission and the 1335 00:56:47,067 --> 00:56:49,501 chain of transmission and the virus has nowhere to go. The 1336 00:56:49,501 --> 00:56:50,967 virus has nowhere to go. The virus needs a person to be able 1337 00:56:50,967 --> 00:56:53,767 virus needs a person to be able to transmit to another person. 1338 00:56:53,767 --> 00:56:55,200 to transmit to another person. If we are able to break those 1339 00:56:55,200 --> 00:56:57,567 If we are able to break those chains of transmission, we can 1340 00:56:57,567 --> 00:56:59,100 chains of transmission, we can bring that reproduction number 1341 00:56:59,100 --> 00:57:01,799 bring that reproduction number under one and it’s very context 1342 00:57:01,799 --> 00:57:04,400 under one and it’s very context specific. even in I brought up 1343 00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:05,299 specific. even in I brought up Singapore before, but even 1344 00:57:05,299 --> 00:57:06,867 Singapore before, but even bring even thinking of what’s 1345 00:57:06,867 --> 00:57:08,499 bring even thinking of what’s happening in Singapore, they 1346 00:57:08,499 --> 00:57:09,499 happening in Singapore, they were able to bring their 1347 00:57:09,499 --> 00:57:12,000 were able to bring their outbreak under control until 1348 00:57:12,000 --> 00:57:14,000 outbreak under control until the virus had an opportunity to 1349 00:57:14,000 --> 00:57:16,000 the virus had an opportunity to start in a closed setting where 1350 00:57:16,000 --> 00:57:17,533 start in a closed setting where you have people who are living 1351 00:57:17,533 --> 00:57:18,933 you have people who are living in close contact with with one 1352 00:57:18,933 --> 00:57:19,967 in close contact with with one another, these types of 1353 00:57:19,967 --> 00:57:24,133 another, these types of settings exist in all. 1354 00:57:24,333 --> 00:57:27,400 In long-term care facilities in 1355 00:57:27,400 --> 00:57:29,533 In long-term care facilities in institutions in prisons and we 1356 00:57:29,533 --> 00:57:31,600 institutions in prisons and we need to find ways in which we 1357 00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:33,600 need to find ways in which we can prevent the virus from 1358 00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:35,433 can prevent the virus from transmitting from one person to 1359 00:57:35,433 --> 00:57:36,933 transmitting from one person to another and that way we can 1360 00:57:36,933 --> 00:57:38,167 another and that way we can bring that reproduction number 1361 00:57:38,167 --> 00:57:39,599 bring that reproduction number one and we can break those 1362 00:57:39,599 --> 00:57:41,299 one and we can break those chains of transmission. This is 1363 00:57:41,299 --> 00:57:43,100 chains of transmission. This is the first pandemic in history 1364 00:57:43,100 --> 00:57:45,300 the first pandemic in history that we can control by doing 1365 00:57:45,300 --> 00:57:48,533 that we can control by doing these measures. Find isolate 1366 00:57:48,533 --> 00:57:50,466 these measures. Find isolate test treat find all of the 1367 00:57:50,466 --> 00:57:52,899 test treat find all of the contacts quarantine those. 1368 00:57:52,899 --> 00:57:55,433 contacts quarantine those. Engage your populations have 1369 00:57:55,433 --> 00:57:57,200 Engage your populations have them know what they can do to 1370 00:57:57,200 --> 00:57:57,933 them know what they can do to protect themselves and protect 1371 00:57:57,933 --> 00:58:00,967 protect themselves and protect others. 1372 00:58:01,233 --> 00:58:03,299 Thank you very much so we will 1373 00:58:03,299 --> 00:58:05,299 Thank you very much so we will conclude and I apologize to 1374 00:58:05,299 --> 00:58:07,299 conclude and I apologize to journalist who’s questions. I 1375 00:58:07,299 --> 00:58:07,899 journalist who’s questions. I have not been answered this 1376 00:58:07,899 --> 00:58:09,434 have not been answered this time, but obviously we will 1377 00:58:09,434 --> 00:58:13,767 time, but obviously we will have the other opportunities. 1378 00:58:13,767 --> 00:58:16,967 have the other opportunities. The audio file will be sent in 1379 00:58:16,967 --> 00:58:19,400 The audio file will be sent in the next hour or two and 1380 00:58:19,400 --> 00:58:21,100 the next hour or two and transcript will be available 1381 00:58:21,100 --> 00:58:23,600 transcript will be available tomorrow. I wish you a very 1382 00:58:23,600 --> 00:58:25,667 tomorrow. I wish you a very nice weekend to all. Yeah. 1383 00:58:25,667 --> 00:58:29,233 nice weekend to all. Yeah. Thank you. Thank you Thank you 1384 00:58:29,233 --> 00:58:30,334 Thank you. Thank you Thank you for joining us all online and 1385 00:58:30,334 --> 00:58:33,734 for joining us all online and have a nice.